Table 4.

The cellular mechanisms of the cardioprotection effect of saponins.

Author	Year	Proposed mechanisms
He et al.	2018	Activating Sirt1 and Nrf2-related signaling pathways and attenuating oxidative stress.
Huang et al.	2021	Attenuating superoxide anion-mediated accumulation of autophagosomes.
Wang et al.	2021	Promoting the interaction between LTCC and BAG3, stabilizing calcium cycling in myocardial cells.
Wang et al.	2018	Alleviating oxidative damage and elevating ATPase activity.
Wei et al.	2019	Increasing phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and GSK-3β protein and activating PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway.
Wu et al.	2022	Suppressing CTSB/NLRP3- dependent pyroptosis.
Yan et al.	2015	Against apoptosis by activating the AMPK pathway.
Zhang et al.	2017	Inhibit hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via Akt activation.
Zhu et al.	2017	Inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative stress and the activation of Nrf2/HO-1mediated anti-apoptosis signaling.
Wang et al.	2020	Alleviated MI/R-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial dynamic imbalance by enhancing OPA1-related mitochondrial fusion via activating AMPK signaling pathways.
Su et al.	2022	Inhibit ERS-induced cell apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial division.
Lv et al.	2021	Protecting MIRI through SIRT3-dependent regulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis.
Yu et al.	2021	Inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Li et al.	2014	Ameliorating ers-mediated myocardial apoptosis in mice
Wang et al.	2013	Inhibiting excessive ERS-mediated apoptosis
Sun et al.	2014	Anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory activities.
Yao et al.	2019	Inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines and regulating oxidative stress.