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. 2023 Jul 26;14:1215686. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1215686

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (e.g., viral RNA, lipopolysaccharide, fungal sugars, flagella) by Toll-like receptors (TLR). Recognition of these molecules by TLRs triggers signal transduction cascades that ultimately induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interferons or IFN-inducible genes which dictate the outcome of innate immune responses.