Fig. 2.

Blumeria graminis AVR effectors are pseudo-RNases with diversified structural features. (A) B. graminis AVR and RNase T1 (9RNT) proteins harboring diversified secondary structural features. β-strands are indicated by arrows, α-helices by spirals. Secondary structures are pictured according to ChimeraX using BioRender. (B) Pairwise comparison between crystal structures using Dali server (48). (C) Recombinant AVR effector proteins lack ribonuclease activity. AVR effectors (1 µM) were coincubated with HvRNA and then analyzed on a Bioanalyzer to evaluate RNA degradation. (D) RNase-like AVR effectors lack 2′, 3′-cNMPs synthetase activity. Samples were subjected to LC-MS/MS for metabolite identification and quantification. Data are depicted as a representative chromatograph of at least three independent experiments.