Table 1.

Cognitive and behavioral therapies for insomnia or sleep disturbance in later life published between 2015 and 2017

Authors, year	Sample	Study type	Study groups	Results
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Alessi et al. 2016 [55]	159 veterans ≥ 60, with chronic insomnia	RCT	Intervention: CBT-I Control: sleep education	CBT-I vs. control had improved PSQI, ISI, and diary SOL, TWT, and SE, from baseline to post-treatment, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up; diary WASO declined from baseline to post-treatment.
Fung et al. 2016 [53]	134 adults ≥ 60, with insomnia with or without SDB	RCT, secondary analysis	Intervention: CBT-I Control: sleep education	Persons with insomnia + mild SDB who received CBT-I had improvements on PSQI and diary SOL vs. sleep education group; treatment benefit was similar for those with and without mild SDB.
Karlin et al. 2015 [59]	121 veterans ≥ 65 (657 veterans total), with insomnia	Non-RCT	Intervention: CBT-I Control: None	Significant ISI reductions across all ages; no significant differences between older and younger veterans’ ISI change baseline to post-treatment.
Kay et al. 2015 [60]	63 adults > 60 with insomnia	Non-RCT, secondary analysis	Intervention: CBT-I Control: None	Post-treatment improvements in ISI, and actigraphy WASO, TST, SE, and diary SOL, WASO, and SE. Discrepancies between diary and actigraphy WASO and SOL were lower at post-treatment.
Lovato et al. 2016 [54]	91 adults (Mage = 63.34, SD = 6.41), with insomnia	RCT	Intervention: CBT-I Control: WL	CBT-I vs. control had improvements in ISI, actigraphy TST, and diary WASO and SE at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. Treatment gains were similar at baseline for short (< 6 h) vs. long (≥ 6 h) sleepers.
Behavioral therapy
Chan et al. 2017 [61]	62 older adults with chronic insomnia	RCT, secondary analysis	Intervention: BBTI Control: self-monitoring and attention control	BBTI vs. control had significant decreases in diary SOL variability and actigraphy TST variability. Decreases in bedtime variability, wake time variability, and TIB mediated reductions in sleep variability. Increased variability of baseline sleep behaviors was associated with greater BBTI benefit.
Other
Martin et al. 2017 [56]	42 veterans ≥ 60, with sleep complaint	RCT	Intervention: sleep intervention program (SIP) Control: IC	SIP vs. IC had greater improvements in actigraphy SE, number of nighttime awakenings, and WASO at post-treatment and 4-month follow-up. SIP vs. IC had improvements in PSQI daytime dysfunction at 4-month follow-up.
Tamura et al. 2017 [62]	51 adults ≥ 60 with insomnia	Non-RCT	Intervention: sleep education, light exercise, goal-setting/self-monitoring Control: WL	Intervention vs. wait list control demonstrated significant improvements in global PSQI, sleep diary WASO, SE, and actigraphy rise time, SOL, WASO, TST, and SE.