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. 2023 Aug 7;43(1):1–7. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2240381

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 2. — Ultrasound images of gallbladder wall thickening in dogs with hypoalbuminemia. (A) A mild and diffuse homogeneously hyperechoic gallbladder wall thickening is present. This dog was diagnosed with lymphoma. (B) A mild and diffuse gallbladder wall thickening with a 3-layer appearance. There are thin inner and outer hyperechoic layers and a central hypoechoic layer. This dog was diagnosed with hepatic metastatic carcinoma. (C) A mild and diffuse gallbladder wall thickening with a 3-layer appearance. Hyperechoic lacy striations are present within the central hypoechoic layer. This dog was diagnosed with the caudal vena cava obstruction due to neoplasia associated thrombosis with hepatic congestion and ascites.