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. 2023 Jul 31;19(12):3869–3891. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.85467

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Mechanisms of gut microbiota-derived metabolites in AAD. Molecular pathways and host receptors that link gut microbiota-derived metabolites with AAD and cellular phenotypes, mainly including TMAO, SCFA, BA, and LPS. Abbreviations: VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell; UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid; BA, bile acid; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2; TMA, trimethylamine; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; FMO3, flavin lpscontaining monooxygenase 3; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; iNOS, ; pro-BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor.