Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included patients.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 103) | Non-ARDS cohort (n = 80) | ARDS cohort (n = 23) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | ||||
| Age (years) | 75 (64, 87) | 74 (63, 87) | 84 (75, 89) | 0.014 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.917 | |||
| Male | 48 (46.6%) | 38 (47.5%) | 10 (43.5%) | |
| Female | 55 (53.4%) | 42 (52.5%) | 13 (56.5%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 (22.7, 33.5) | 26.5 (23.0, 33.9) | 27.2 (24.1, 34.3) | 0.346 |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.269 | |||
| Single | 8 (7.8%) | 6 (7.5%) | 2 (8.7%) | |
| Married | 93 (90.3%) | 72 (90.0%) | 21 (91.3%) | |
| Other | 2 (1.9%) | 2 (2.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 30 (29.1%) | 23 (28.8%) | 7 (30.4%) | 1.000 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 54 (52.4%) | 41 (51.2%) | 13 (56.5%) | 0.834 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 25 (24.3%) | 18 (22.5%) | 7 (30.4%) | 0.613 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 21 (20.4%) | 15 (18.8%) | 6 (26.1%) | 0.634 |
| Arrhythmia, n (%) | 13 (12.6%) | 11 (13.8%) | 2 (8.7%) | 0.774 |
| Respiratory support | 0.002 | |||
| Spontaneous breathing, n (%) | 38 (36.9%) | 38 (47.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Nasal cannula, n (%) | 24 (23.3%) | 17 (21.2%) | 7 (30.4%) | |
| Mask ventilation, n (%) | 7 (6.8%) | 4 (5%) | 3 (13%) | |
| High flow, n (%) | 31 (30.1%) | 19 (23.8%) | 12 (52.2%) | |
| Non-invasive ventilator, n (%) | 1 (0.97%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Intubation, n (%) | 2 (1.94%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (4.3%) | |
| Onset symptoms | ||||
| Fever, n (%) | 42 (40.8%) | 37 (46.2%) | 5 (21.7%) | 0.062 |
| Cough, n (%) | 56 (54.4%) | 43 (53.8%) | 13 (56.5%) | 1.000 |
| Sore throat, n (%) | 9 (8.7%) | 9 (11.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.206 |
| Nausea, n (%) | 2 (1.94%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (4.3%) | 0.927 |
| Headache, n (%) | 7 (6.8%) | 4 (5%) | 3 (13%) | 0.378 |
| Chest distress, n (%) | 2 (1.94%) | 2 (2.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Vital signs at admission | ||||
| T (°C) | 36.80 (36.50 to 37.30) | 36.80 (36.50 to 37.50) | 36.70 (36.55 to 37.05) | 0.430 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.00 (111.00, 145.00) | 126.09 ± 24.77 | 134.65 ± 26.13 | 0.152 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 69.00 (64.50 to 80.00) | 72.11 ± 15.27 | 73.22 ± 13.43 | 0.754 |
| HR (/min) | 96.00 (81.00 to 113.50) | 96.00 (80.00 to 111.00) | 105.00 (85.00 to 125.00) | 0.139 |
| RR (/min) | 20.00 (18.00 to 25.00) | 20.00 (18.00 to 25.00) | 21.00 (19.50 to 24.00) | 0.293 |
| Aeration variables | ||||
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 89 (66, 118) | 94.5 (76, 137.5) | 94.5 (76, 137.5) | <0.001 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 37.5 (32.5, 44.5) | 37.2 (31.9, 44.5) | 37.2 (31.9, 44.5) | 0.358 |
| SpO2 (%) | 97 (95, 99) | 98 (95, 99) | 98 (95, 99) | 0.022 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 192.0 (159.0, 252.0) | 201.0 (171.0, 265.9) | 201.0 (171.0, 265.9) | <0.001 |
| Routine blood test | 38 (34.1, 45.3) | |||
| White blood cell (K/UL) | 8.59 (6.30, 13.21) | 8.16 (6.03, 13.14) | 96 (91, 98) | 0.152 |
| Neutrophil (K/UL) | 7.30 (4.96, 12.25) | 6.36 (4.41 to 11.38) | 159.5 (140.0, 171.5) | 0.024 |
| Monocyte (K/UL) | 0.47 (0.32, 0.74) | 0.48 (0.32 to 0.74) | 0.800 | |
| Reb blood cell (K/UL) | 3.46 ± 0.90 | 3.47 ± 0.90 | 10.72 (7.59, 14.26) | 0.988 |
| Platelet (K/UL) | 163.00 (108.50, 256.00) | 158.50 (107.50, 256.00) | 9.63 (7.22 to 14.98) | 0.553 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.41 ± 2.92 | 10.34 ± 2.96 | 10.72 (7.59, 14.26) | 0.835 |
| Glucose (mg/l) | 7.10 (5.70 to 10.15) | 6.65 (5.55 to 9.70) | 9.63 (7.22 to 14.98) | 0.023 |
| Inflammation | ||||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 46.49 (22.49, 77.53) | 38.50 (19.29 to 75.03) | 0.39 (0.30 to 0.77) | 0.021 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.32 (0.08, 0.81) | 0.26 (0.07 to 0.77) | 3.46 ± 1.02 | 0.212 |
| Serum Amyloid A (mg/L) | 155.01 (49.84, 350.00) | 100.26 (27.21 to 350.00) | 186.00 | 0.004 |
| Biochemical test | ||||
| ALT (U/L) | 22.00 (11.00, 43.50) | 20.00 (10.50 to 45.50) | 22.00 (14.50 to 37.50) | 0.590 |
| AST (U/L) | 31.00 (21.50, 48.50) | 29.50 (21.50 to 49.00) | 37.00 (21.00 to 47.00) | 0.791 |
| LDH (U/L) | 276.00 (220.00, 88.00) | 263.50 (210.00 to 388.00) | 291.00 (236.50 to 388.50) | 0.289 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 13.70 (9.45, 19.60) | 13.75 (9.65 to 19.90) | 12.20 (9.05 to 17.95) | 0.571 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 8.78 (5.37, 15.85) | 7.06 (4.96 to 13.77) | 15.85 (9.00 to 24.14) | <0.001 |
| Creatine (mg/l) | 79.00 (49.50, 146.50) | 71.50 (48.00 to 126.00) | 92.00 (60.00 to 193.00) | 0.183 |
| eGFR (ml/min) | 76.00 (36.50, 95.50) | 77.50 (38.00 to 102.00) | 67.00 (19.50 to 86.00) | 0.128 |
| PH | 7.40 (7.35 to 7.45) | 7.42 (7.37 to 7.45) | 7.35 (7.30 to 7.42) | 0.003 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 139.00 (135.00, 144.00) | 139.00 (134.00, 142.00) | 141.00 (137.00, 151.00) | 0.060 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 3.60 (3.10, 4.00) | 3.50 (3.10, 4.00) | 3.90 (3.50, 4.15) | 0.112 |
| Chlorine (mmol/L) | 105.00 (99.00, 112.00) | 102.50 (98.00, 110.50) | 110.00 (104.00, 119.50) | 0.003 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 1.09 (1.06, 1.14) | 1.09 (1.04, 1.13) | 1.12 (1.08, 1.17) | 0.030 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 2.8 (2.2, 3.6) | 2.8 (2.3, 3.6) | 2.7 (2.0, 3.5) | 0.418 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.42 (0.88, 1.81) | 1.48 (0.90, 1.80) | 1.37 (0.68, 1.86) | 0.568 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 3.36 (2.82, 4.55) | 3.47 (2.82, 4.22) | 3.28 (2.70, 5.35) | 0.994 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 0.86 (0.62, 1.06) | 0.87 (0.59, 1.07) | 0.84 (0.64, 1.01) | 0.862 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.30 (1.64 to 2.58) | 2.30 (1.64, 2.57) | 2.27 (1.90, 3.27) | 0.724 |
| Non-HDL (mmol/L) | 2.47 (1.95, 3.05) | 2.47 (1.95, 3.00) | 2.56 (2.13, 3.73) | 0.360 |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 190.00 (88.00, 492.50) | 187.00 (86.00, 562.00) | 195.00 (126.00, 313.50) | 0.871 |
| TNI (ng/ml) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) | 0.397 |
| Mb (μg/L) | 92.40 (43.50, 247.25) | 81.50 (39.15, 233.25) | 149.20 (87.50, 350.45) | 0.021 |
| CKMB (ng/ml) | 2.50 (1.50, 5.10) | 2.40 (1.40, 3.50) | 4.60 (2.30, 8.10) | 0.008 |
| Blood coagulation test | ||||
| TT (seconds) | 15.20 (14.60 to 16.40) | 15.15 (14.60 to 16.45) | 15.30 (14.60 to 16.10) | 0.994 |
| APTT (seconds) | 31.60 (27.30 to 36.15) | 31.25 (27.50 to 36.30) | 32.50 (27.05 to 35.90) | 0.698 |
| PT (seconds) | 12.90 (11.90 to 14.80) | 12.75 (11.70 to 14.75) | 13.20 (12.35 to 15.45) | 0.139 |
| INR | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.27) | 1.10 (1.00 to 1.27) | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.33) | 0.212 |
| FG (g/L) | 3.98 (3.01 to 4.61) | 3.76 (2.79 to 4.58) | 4.54 (3.89 to 4.72) | 0.005 |
| DD (mg/L) | 1.56 (0.68 to 3.19) | 1.36 (0.59 to 2.48) | 2.42 (1.44 to 3.58) | 0.017 |
| FDP (mg/L) | 11.90 (5.90 to 20.95) | 11.15 (5.40 to 20.10) | 18.10 (10.55 to 24.55) | 0.040 |
| Lymphocyte subsets | ||||
| Lymphocyte (10e9/L) | 0.73 (0.50 to 1.01) | 0.79 (0.54 to 1.26) | 0.63 (0.40 to 0.76) | 0.017 |
| T lymphocyte (10e6/L) | 424.30 (268.90, 679.40) | 526.65 (291.05 to 858.10) | 309.90 (220.00, 429.75) | <0.001 |
| B lymphocyte (10e6/L) | 82.00 (41.65, 156.60) | 82.05 (38.50 to 152.35) | 79.50 (44.35 to 172.65) | 0.994 |
| Th lymphocyte (10e6/L) | 280.90 (154.40, 434.35) | 294.20 (174.15 to 482.20) | 199.40 (86.80 to 361.25) | 0.025 |
| Ts lymphocyte (10e6/L) | 149.90 (88.30 to 244.50) | 158.30 (97.35 to 244.50) | 129.10 (48.35 to 236.15) | 0.167 |
| Natural killer cell (10e6/L) | 115.60 (63.40 to 184.60) | 126.00 (69.30 to 201.35) | 87.60 (52.90 to 143.95) | 0.033 |
| CD4/CD8 ratio | 1.60 (1.14 to 2.56) | 1.58 (1.12 to 2.42) | 1.60 (1.14 to 2.92) | 0.669 |
| Cytokine profiles | ||||
| IL1 (pg/ml) | 1.22 (0.83 to 1.69) | 1.22 (0.76 to 1.57) | 1.37 (0.94 to 2.55) | 0.224 |
| IL2 (pg/ml) | 1.03 (0.61 to 1.69) | 1.03 (0.66 to 1.47) | 1.06 (0.58 to 1.94) | 0.571 |
| IL4 (pg/ml) | 1.45 (1.08 to 2.17) | 1.35 (1.07 to 2.09) | 1.67 (1.27 to 2.54) | 0.132 |
| IL5 (pg/ml) | 0.79 (0.38 to 1.14) | 0.76 (0.37 to 1.14) | 0.97 (0.63 to 1.20) | 0.226 |
| IL6 (pg/ml) | 46.91 (20.91 to 113.00) | 37.58 (17.13 to 81.49) | 118.00 (50.28 to 279.58) | <0.001 |
| IL8 (pg/ml) | 16.07 (6.26 to 53.18) | 13.13 (5.93 to 51.21) | 48.32 (14.11 to 91.98) | 0.034 |
| IL10 (pg/ml) | 4.12 (2.28 to 6.26) | 3.58 (2.28 to 6.14) | 5.16 (2.49 to 10.01) | 0.328 |
| IL17A (pg/ml) | 3.28 (1.31 to 4.58) | 3.02 (1.27 to 4.42) | 3.44 (1.35 to 5.58) | 0.542 |
| TNF (pg/ml) | 1.98 (1.26 to 2.79) | 1.90 (1.26 to 2.66) | 2.48 (1.06 to 3.42) | 0.169 |
| IFN-α (pg/ml) | 1.04 (0.66 to 2.06) | 0.98 (0.65 to 1.69) | 1.36 (0.95 to 2.60) | 0.083 |
| IFN-γ (pg/ml) | 1.53 (1.11 to 1.89) | 1.53 (1.11 to 1.94) | 1.53 (1.14 to 1.79) | 0.921 |