Skip to main content
. 2023 Jul 25;10:1221711. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1221711

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of included patients.

Characteristics Total (n = 103) Non-ARDS cohort (n = 80) ARDS cohort (n = 23) P-value
Demographic variables
Age (years) 75 (64, 87) 74 (63, 87) 84 (75, 89) 0.014
Gender, n (%) 0.917
Male 48 (46.6%) 38 (47.5%) 10 (43.5%)
Female 55 (53.4%) 42 (52.5%) 13 (56.5%)
BMI (kg/m2) 26.9 (22.7, 33.5) 26.5 (23.0, 33.9) 27.2 (24.1, 34.3) 0.346
Marital status, n (%) 0.269
Single 8 (7.8%) 6 (7.5%) 2 (8.7%)
Married 93 (90.3%) 72 (90.0%) 21 (91.3%)
Other 2 (1.9%) 2 (2.5%) 0 (0%)
Comorbidities
Congestive heart failure, n (%) 30 (29.1%) 23 (28.8%) 7 (30.4%) 1.000
Hypertension, n (%) 54 (52.4%) 41 (51.2%) 13 (56.5%) 0.834
Diabetes, n (%) 25 (24.3%) 18 (22.5%) 7 (30.4%) 0.613
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) 21 (20.4%) 15 (18.8%) 6 (26.1%) 0.634
Arrhythmia, n (%) 13 (12.6%) 11 (13.8%) 2 (8.7%) 0.774
Respiratory support 0.002
Spontaneous breathing, n (%) 38 (36.9%) 38 (47.5%) 0 (0%)
Nasal cannula, n (%) 24 (23.3%) 17 (21.2%) 7 (30.4%)
Mask ventilation, n (%) 7 (6.8%) 4 (5%) 3 (13%)
High flow, n (%) 31 (30.1%) 19 (23.8%) 12 (52.2%)
Non-invasive ventilator, n (%) 1 (0.97%) 1 (1.2%) 0 (0%)
Intubation, n (%) 2 (1.94%) 1 (1.2%) 1 (4.3%)
Onset symptoms
Fever, n (%) 42 (40.8%) 37 (46.2%) 5 (21.7%) 0.062
Cough, n (%) 56 (54.4%) 43 (53.8%) 13 (56.5%) 1.000
Sore throat, n (%) 9 (8.7%) 9 (11.2%) 0 (0%) 0.206
Nausea, n (%) 2 (1.94%) 1 (1.2%) 1 (4.3%) 0.927
Headache, n (%) 7 (6.8%) 4 (5%) 3 (13%) 0.378
Chest distress, n (%) 2 (1.94%) 2 (2.5%) 0 (0%) 1.000
Vital signs at admission
T (°C) 36.80 (36.50 to 37.30) 36.80 (36.50 to 37.50) 36.70 (36.55 to 37.05) 0.430
SBP (mmHg) 129.00 (111.00, 145.00) 126.09 ± 24.77 134.65 ± 26.13 0.152
DBP (mmHg) 69.00 (64.50 to 80.00) 72.11 ± 15.27 73.22 ± 13.43 0.754
HR (/min) 96.00 (81.00 to 113.50) 96.00 (80.00 to 111.00) 105.00 (85.00 to 125.00) 0.139
RR (/min) 20.00 (18.00 to 25.00) 20.00 (18.00 to 25.00) 21.00 (19.50 to 24.00) 0.293
Aeration variables
PaO2 (mmHg) 89 (66, 118) 94.5 (76, 137.5) 94.5 (76, 137.5) <0.001
PaCO2 (mmHg) 37.5 (32.5, 44.5) 37.2 (31.9, 44.5) 37.2 (31.9, 44.5) 0.358
SpO2 (%) 97 (95, 99) 98 (95, 99) 98 (95, 99) 0.022
PaO2/FiO2 192.0 (159.0, 252.0) 201.0 (171.0, 265.9) 201.0 (171.0, 265.9) <0.001
Routine blood test 38 (34.1, 45.3)
White blood cell (K/UL) 8.59 (6.30, 13.21) 8.16 (6.03, 13.14) 96 (91, 98) 0.152
Neutrophil (K/UL) 7.30 (4.96, 12.25) 6.36 (4.41 to 11.38) 159.5 (140.0, 171.5) 0.024
Monocyte (K/UL) 0.47 (0.32, 0.74) 0.48 (0.32 to 0.74) 0.800
Reb blood cell (K/UL) 3.46 ± 0.90 3.47 ± 0.90 10.72 (7.59, 14.26) 0.988
Platelet (K/UL) 163.00 (108.50, 256.00) 158.50 (107.50, 256.00) 9.63 (7.22 to 14.98) 0.553
Hemoglobin (g/dL) 10.41 ± 2.92 10.34 ± 2.96 10.72 (7.59, 14.26) 0.835
Glucose (mg/l) 7.10 (5.70 to 10.15) 6.65 (5.55 to 9.70) 9.63 (7.22 to 14.98) 0.023
Inflammation
C-reactive protein (mg/L) 46.49 (22.49, 77.53) 38.50 (19.29 to 75.03) 0.39 (0.30 to 0.77) 0.021
Procalcitonin (ng/mL) 0.32 (0.08, 0.81) 0.26 (0.07 to 0.77) 3.46 ± 1.02 0.212
Serum Amyloid A (mg/L) 155.01 (49.84, 350.00) 100.26 (27.21 to 350.00) 186.00 0.004
Biochemical test
ALT (U/L) 22.00 (11.00, 43.50) 20.00 (10.50 to 45.50) 22.00 (14.50 to 37.50) 0.590
AST (U/L) 31.00 (21.50, 48.50) 29.50 (21.50 to 49.00) 37.00 (21.00 to 47.00) 0.791
LDH (U/L) 276.00 (220.00, 88.00) 263.50 (210.00 to 388.00) 291.00 (236.50 to 388.50) 0.289
Bilirubin (mg/dl) 13.70 (9.45, 19.60) 13.75 (9.65 to 19.90) 12.20 (9.05 to 17.95) 0.571
Urea (mmol/L) 8.78 (5.37, 15.85) 7.06 (4.96 to 13.77) 15.85 (9.00 to 24.14) <0.001
Creatine (mg/l) 79.00 (49.50, 146.50) 71.50 (48.00 to 126.00) 92.00 (60.00 to 193.00) 0.183
eGFR (ml/min) 76.00 (36.50, 95.50) 77.50 (38.00 to 102.00) 67.00 (19.50 to 86.00) 0.128
PH 7.40 (7.35 to 7.45) 7.42 (7.37 to 7.45) 7.35 (7.30 to 7.42) 0.003
Sodium (mmol/L) 139.00 (135.00, 144.00) 139.00 (134.00, 142.00) 141.00 (137.00, 151.00) 0.060
Potassium (mmol/L) 3.60 (3.10, 4.00) 3.50 (3.10, 4.00) 3.90 (3.50, 4.15) 0.112
Chlorine (mmol/L) 105.00 (99.00, 112.00) 102.50 (98.00, 110.50) 110.00 (104.00, 119.50) 0.003
Calcium (mmol/L) 1.09 (1.06, 1.14) 1.09 (1.04, 1.13) 1.12 (1.08, 1.17) 0.030
Albumin (g/dl) 2.8 (2.2, 3.6) 2.8 (2.3, 3.6) 2.7 (2.0, 3.5) 0.418
TG (mmol/L) 1.42 (0.88, 1.81) 1.48 (0.90, 1.80) 1.37 (0.68, 1.86) 0.568
TC (mmol/L) 3.36 (2.82, 4.55) 3.47 (2.82, 4.22) 3.28 (2.70, 5.35) 0.994
HDL (mmol/L) 0.86 (0.62, 1.06) 0.87 (0.59, 1.07) 0.84 (0.64, 1.01) 0.862
LDL (mmol/L) 2.30 (1.64 to 2.58) 2.30 (1.64, 2.57) 2.27 (1.90, 3.27) 0.724
Non-HDL (mmol/L) 2.47 (1.95, 3.05) 2.47 (1.95, 3.00) 2.56 (2.13, 3.73) 0.360
BNP (pg/ml) 190.00 (88.00, 492.50) 187.00 (86.00, 562.00) 195.00 (126.00, 313.50) 0.871
TNI (ng/ml) 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) 0.03 (0.01, 0.07) 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) 0.397
Mb (μg/L) 92.40 (43.50, 247.25) 81.50 (39.15, 233.25) 149.20 (87.50, 350.45) 0.021
CKMB (ng/ml) 2.50 (1.50, 5.10) 2.40 (1.40, 3.50) 4.60 (2.30, 8.10) 0.008
Blood coagulation test
TT (seconds) 15.20 (14.60 to 16.40) 15.15 (14.60 to 16.45) 15.30 (14.60 to 16.10) 0.994
APTT (seconds) 31.60 (27.30 to 36.15) 31.25 (27.50 to 36.30) 32.50 (27.05 to 35.90) 0.698
PT (seconds) 12.90 (11.90 to 14.80) 12.75 (11.70 to 14.75) 13.20 (12.35 to 15.45) 0.139
INR 1.10 (1.02 to 1.27) 1.10 (1.00 to 1.27) 1.13 (1.05 to 1.33) 0.212
FG (g/L) 3.98 (3.01 to 4.61) 3.76 (2.79 to 4.58) 4.54 (3.89 to 4.72) 0.005
DD (mg/L) 1.56 (0.68 to 3.19) 1.36 (0.59 to 2.48) 2.42 (1.44 to 3.58) 0.017
FDP (mg/L) 11.90 (5.90 to 20.95) 11.15 (5.40 to 20.10) 18.10 (10.55 to 24.55) 0.040
Lymphocyte subsets
Lymphocyte (10e9/L) 0.73 (0.50 to 1.01) 0.79 (0.54 to 1.26) 0.63 (0.40 to 0.76) 0.017
T lymphocyte (10e6/L) 424.30 (268.90, 679.40) 526.65 (291.05 to 858.10) 309.90 (220.00, 429.75) <0.001
B lymphocyte (10e6/L) 82.00 (41.65, 156.60) 82.05 (38.50 to 152.35) 79.50 (44.35 to 172.65) 0.994
Th lymphocyte (10e6/L) 280.90 (154.40, 434.35) 294.20 (174.15 to 482.20) 199.40 (86.80 to 361.25) 0.025
Ts lymphocyte (10e6/L) 149.90 (88.30 to 244.50) 158.30 (97.35 to 244.50) 129.10 (48.35 to 236.15) 0.167
Natural killer cell (10e6/L) 115.60 (63.40 to 184.60) 126.00 (69.30 to 201.35) 87.60 (52.90 to 143.95) 0.033
CD4/CD8 ratio 1.60 (1.14 to 2.56) 1.58 (1.12 to 2.42) 1.60 (1.14 to 2.92) 0.669
Cytokine profiles
IL1 (pg/ml) 1.22 (0.83 to 1.69) 1.22 (0.76 to 1.57) 1.37 (0.94 to 2.55) 0.224
IL2 (pg/ml) 1.03 (0.61 to 1.69) 1.03 (0.66 to 1.47) 1.06 (0.58 to 1.94) 0.571
IL4 (pg/ml) 1.45 (1.08 to 2.17) 1.35 (1.07 to 2.09) 1.67 (1.27 to 2.54) 0.132
IL5 (pg/ml) 0.79 (0.38 to 1.14) 0.76 (0.37 to 1.14) 0.97 (0.63 to 1.20) 0.226
IL6 (pg/ml) 46.91 (20.91 to 113.00) 37.58 (17.13 to 81.49) 118.00 (50.28 to 279.58) <0.001
IL8 (pg/ml) 16.07 (6.26 to 53.18) 13.13 (5.93 to 51.21) 48.32 (14.11 to 91.98) 0.034
IL10 (pg/ml) 4.12 (2.28 to 6.26) 3.58 (2.28 to 6.14) 5.16 (2.49 to 10.01) 0.328
IL17A (pg/ml) 3.28 (1.31 to 4.58) 3.02 (1.27 to 4.42) 3.44 (1.35 to 5.58) 0.542
TNF (pg/ml) 1.98 (1.26 to 2.79) 1.90 (1.26 to 2.66) 2.48 (1.06 to 3.42) 0.169
IFN-α (pg/ml) 1.04 (0.66 to 2.06) 0.98 (0.65 to 1.69) 1.36 (0.95 to 2.60) 0.083
IFN-γ (pg/ml) 1.53 (1.11 to 1.89) 1.53 (1.11 to 1.94) 1.53 (1.14 to 1.79) 0.921