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. 2023 Jul 19;14:1165360. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1165360

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Copyright © 2023 Chen, Wu, Zhang and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Isobutyric acid suppresses the malignant cellular biological behavior, induces cell apoptosis and G1/S arrest in lung cancer cells. (A) After isobutyric acid treatment (control, NC, 0.21 mM, 0.62 mM, 1.85 mM, 5.56 mM, 16.67 mM, and 50 mM), the cell proliferation activity decreased gradually with the increase of isobutyric acid concentration. (B) After isobutyric acid treatment (control, NC and 1.85 mM), A549 cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with Wright-Giemsa Stain. The cell cloning efficiency decreased in the 1.85 mM treatment group compared with the control groups. After isobutyric acid treatment (control, NC and 1.85 mM), A549 cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with 0.4% crystal violet. Both the numbers of cell migration (C) and invasion (D) decreased in the 1.85 mM treatment group compared with the control groups. The cells were imaged with a × 200 magnification microscope. FACS analysis using propidium iodide staining was performed after treatment of A549 cells with isobutyric acid (control, NC and 1.85 mM). (E) Both early and late phase apoptosis rate of A549 cells increased in the 1.85 mM treatment group compared with the control groups. (F) After isobutyric acid treatment, the percentage of A549 cells increased in the S phase while decreased in the G1 phase in the 1.85 mM treatment group compared with the control groups (NC and 1.85 mM). P-values were calculated using Student's t-tests. ns: no significance; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; and ***p < 0.001. All experiments were repeated three times. NC, negative control (0 mM).