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. 2023 May 27;10(9):nwad157. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwad157

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 5. — Relationships between March trends in four factors. March trends in (A) end of melt season, (B) sea-ice concentration (SIC; 1978.10–2020.12, obtained from https://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0051/versions/2), (C) sensible heat flux at the surface (SSHF) and (D) latent heat flux at the surface (SLHF). Surface sensible and latent heat fluxes are from ERA5 reanalysis data, https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-land?tab=form. The two vertical fluxes are positive upwards. In the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas and western Peninsula (black oval), the sea-ice concentration decreased markedly in this season during 1978–2020; the SLHF and SSHF release also shows an increase, meaning increased heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere. Red ovals mark Queen Maud Land where similar patterns occur.