Table 7. Anti-snake venom sera availability [26–28].

S. No.	Type of antivenom	Manufacturer	Country of origin	Status of production currently	Snake species	Comment
1	FAV-Afrique	Sanofi Pasteur	France	Discontinued in January 2014. Last batch expired in Jan 2016	10 species of the Elapidae and Viperidae families	The most highly effective in treating envenoming by Echis ocellatus, the West African saw-scaled viper that causes great morbidity and mortality throughout the West and Central African savannah MicroPharm Limited acquired product in 2018 and seeking to re-launch it
2	SAIMR Polyvalent Antivenom	South African Vaccine Producers	South Africa	Active production	B. arietans, B. gabonica, D. angusticeps, D. jamesoni, D. polylepis, H. haemachatus, N. annulifera, N. melanoleuca, N. mossambica, N. nivea	Considered as the current “Gold Standard” for treating envenomings by many African snake species
3	Antivipmyn Africa	Instituto Bioclon / Silanes	Mexico	Active production	B. arietans, B. gabonica, B. rhinoceros, D. angusticeps, D. jamesoni, D. polylepis, D. viridis, E. leucogaster, E. ocellatus, E. pyramidum, N. haje, N. katiensis, N. melanoleuca, N. nigricollis, N. nivea
4	Bivalent Naja / Walterinnesia Snake Antivenom	National Antivenom and Vaccine Production Centre	Saudi Arabia	Active production	N. arabica N. haje N. melanoleuca N. naja N. nigricollis N. nivea Walterinnesia aegyptia Walterinnesia morgani
5	Pan-African antivenom (EchiTAb-Plus-ICP)	Instituto Clodomiro Picado (ICP) University of Costa Rica	Costa Rica	Active production	B. arietans, E. ocellatus, N. nigricollis D. polylepis) N. mossambica N. annulifera H. haemachatus	Intact IgG The expanded-scope EchiTAb + ICP has lower ability to neutralize the venom of B. arietans, but similar ability to neutralize the venoms of D. polylepis, N. mossambica and H. haemachatus When compared to FAV Afrique and the SVA African antivenoms
6	Snake Venom Antiserum	Bharat Serums & Vaccines	India		B. caeruleus N. haje
7	Inoserp Pan-Africa	Inosan Biopharma	Mexico	Active production	E. ocellatus, E. leucogaster, E. pyramidum, B. arietans, B. rhinoceros, B. nasicornis, B. gabonica D. polylepis, D. viridis, D. angusticeps, D. jamesoni, N. nigricollis, N. melanoleuca, N. haje, N. pallida N. nubiae, N. katiensis N. senegalensis.	Lyophilized Polyvalent F(ab’)2 Immunoglobulin Fragments (Equine)
8	Favirept Polyvalent Snake Antivenin	Sanofi Pasteur	France	Discontinued	B. arietans C. cerastes D. deserti E. leucogaster N. nigricollis, N. melanoleuca, N. haje,
9	SII Polyvalent Antisnake (Snake Antivenom Seum IP)	Serum Institute of India	India	Active production	N. naja E. carinatus D. russelii B. caeruleus	Polyvalent equine antivenom
10	SAIMR Echis Antivenom	South African Vaccine Producers	South Africa	Active production	E. carinatus, E. ocellatus, E. coloratus, Cerastes spp.
11	EchiTAbG	MicroPharm	United Kingdom	Active production	Echis ocellatus
12	SAIMR Boomslang Antivenom	South African Vaccine Producers	South Africa	Active production	Dispholidus typus
13	Snake Venom Antiserum (African) (AFRIVEN-10)	VINS Bioproducts	India	In active production	B. arietans, B. gabonica, E. ocellatus, E. leucogaster, N. haje, N. melanoleuca, N. nigricollis, D. polylepis, D. viridis, D. jamesoni.	Lyophilized powder Polyvalent, enzyme-refined equine antivenom immunoglobulin fragments
14	Snake Venom Antiserum (Pan African) (PANAF-Premium)	Premium Serums and Vaccines	India	In active production	B. arietans, B. gabonica, B. nasicornis, B. rhinoceros D. angusticeps, D. jamesoni, D. polylepis, D. viridis, E. carinatus, E. leucogaster, E. ocellatus, N. nigricollis, N. haje, N. melanoleuca	Lyophilized powder Polyvalent, enzyme-refined equine antivenom immunoglobulins
15	Anti-Snake Venom Serum Pan Africa [10] BEAFRIQUE-10	M/s. Biological E	India	In active production	B. arietans, B. gabonica, E. ocellatus, E. leucogaster, N. haje, N. melanoleuca, N. nigricollis, D. polylepis, D. viridis, D. jamesoni.	Liquid, Polyvalent, Enzyme refined, Equine F(ab’) immunoglobulin