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Mesenchymal stem cell–derived extracellular vesicles and LNP–TARID treatment improved myocardial fibrosis by up-regulating Tcf21 via supplementing lncRNA–TARID. Tcf21 antagonizes TGF-β/Smad3 signalling pathway to suppress myofibroblast differentiation from epicardial cells. The cardiac histology and function were improved after such therapeutics. EVs, extracellular vesicles; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; LNP–TARID, lncRNA–TARID laden lipid nanoparticles.
