Fig. 2.

Activation of autophagy signaling pathways by fisetin. “↓” indicates “stimulate.” “⊥” indicates “inhibit”; solid line represents the action directly; dotted line represents the action through several processes. Abbreviations: The Beclin 1; protein is a central regulator of autophagy in mammalian cells; The ATG-ATG5:ATG7 complex is responsible for elongation of the phagophore in the autophagy pathway, With the help of ATG7 and ATG5, the ATG12-ATG5:ATG16L complex conjugates the C terminus of LC3-I to phosphatidylethanolamine in the phospholipid bilayer, allowing LC3 to associate with the membranes of the phagophore, becoming LC3-II. After formation of the autophagosome, the ATG12-ATG5:ATG16L complex dissociates from the autophagosome.