Extended Data Fig. 9. F₄ statistics to explore excess affinity of EBA ‘steppe ancestry’ groups conditioned on preceding Eneolithic groups from the steppe and the Caucasus.

F₄ statistics show different attractions of the EBA groups to ‘cornerstone’ populations conditioned on pre-Yamnaya groups, Steppe Eneolithic and Caucasus Eneolithic/Maykop. Significant Z-scores (|Z|≥3) are highlighted in orange, f₄ values are shown with three standard errors. EBA groups are given on the y-axis and test populations are given on the x-axis. Standard errors (SE) were computed with the default block jackknife approach.