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. 2023 Jul 19;620(7973):358–365. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06334-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 1 — a, Aerial view of Tell Măgura Gorgana near Pietrele, Romania (© Konstantin Scheele, German Archaeological Institute, Eurasia Department). b, Detailed view of the 11m stratigraphy at Pietrele (© Svend Hansen, German Archaeological Institute, Eurasia Department). c, Aerial view of Tell Yunatsite, Bulgaria (© Kamen Boyadzhiev). d, Map of the site Orlovka-Kartal, Ukraine. The base map was sourced from Google Earth https://www.google.com/earth/index.html. e, Characteristic finds from the Eneolithic type-site Usatove. f, Characteristic finds attributed to the Cernavoda I phase. g, Burial in flexed position from grave 10 at Kartal (© Igor Bruyako). h, Infant urn-burial from the Early Bronze Age layer south of tell Yunatsite (© Kamen Boyadzhiev).