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. 2023 Jul 19;620(7973):366–373. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06357-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 10 — a–b, Visual playback of heading perturbations does not induce strong Sst44 cell activity in PPC. a, Fig. 6g reproduced for comparison. 8 mice, 16 sessions. b, Sst44 cell activity in response to visual playback of the same heading perturbation trials shown in a. 5 mice, 16 sessions. Mice in b were trained to run on a virtual linear track before being presented with the visual playback. Wilcoxon rank-sum test across trials, Sst44 cell activity solid line panel a vs b: p = 4e-13, solid vs dashed line panel b: p = 0.3. Activity averaged over 2.5 to 4.5 s relative to 0 to 1 s was used for statistical tests. Turning velocities and accelerations refer to ball movements, not virtual movements that also include the heading perturbation. c, Low contribution of reward expectation error to Sst44 cell activity. We omitted rewards on 20% of correct trials and added a reward on 20% of incorrect trials. Incorrect trials are not shown because there were too few trials after selecting for similar turning velocity. Activity and turning behaviour split by whether the mouse was rewarded or not. We selected trials where turning velocity was similar to the unrewarded trial mean (cosine similarity > 0.8, using the same window as in the plot) in order to minimize contributions from behavioural differences. Heading deviation is not shown because the screen is dark when the trial ends and the reward is delivered. 4 mice, 6 sessions. d, Sst44 cell activity is inconsistent with a response to an error in expected visual flow. Sst44 cell activity as a function of heading within the maze stem. Within the stem, the walls are always oriented north-south, meaning that running north or south is equivalent to running parallel to the wall, and running east or west is equivalent to running directly into the wall. When running into the wall, visual flow is expected but not received, which should generate an error in the expected visual flow. Samples in each bin were matched for pitch ball velocity to control for expected visual flow. 7 mice, 27 sessions. Mean and bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals are shown.