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. 2023 Aug 2;620(7973):381–385. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06378-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Co-culture of F. prausnitzii DSM 32186 and D. piger DSM 32187 on PGM plates without supplementation of glucose or acetate. b, Gram staining of colonies from isolation of F. prausnitzii DSM 32186 and D. piger DSM 32187. Arrows indicate F. prausnitzii (long fusiform rods) (1) and D. piger (short rods) (2). Scale bar, 10 μm. c, Dendrogram illustrating the relationship between D. piger DSM 32187 and related genomes. d, Dendrogram illustrating the relationship between F. prausnitzii DSM 32186 and related genomes. e, The number of colony-forming units of F. prausnitzii DSM 32186 in monoculture and in co-culture with D. piger DSM 32187 under anaerobic conditions in mPGM (PGM containing 25 mM of glucose) for 24 h. P = 0.0003. f, Metabolite profiles of F. prausnitzii DSM 32186 and D. piger DSM 32187 cultivated as monocultures or co-culture under anaerobic conditions in mPGM medium for 24 h. Glucose: P = 0.0000031 (F. prausnitzii + D. piger versus D. piger), P = 0.0000038 (F. prausnitzii + D. piger versus F. prausnitzii); lactate: P = 0.0000001 (F. prausnitzii + D. piger versus D. piger), P = 0.0000005 (F. prausnitzii versus D. piger), P = 0.00014 (F. prausnitzii + D. piger versus F. prausnitzii); acetate: P = 0.0000004 (F. prausnitzii + D. piger versus D. piger), P = 0.0000003 (F. prausnitzii versus D. piger); butyrate: P = 0.000001(F. prausnitzii + D. piger versus D. piger), P = 0.0000031 (F. prausnitzii + D. piger versus F. prausnitzii). ‘mM change’ on the y axis indicates the difference in concentration from the inoculated medium at baseline. g, Schematic of the suggested cross-feeding between F. prausnitzii and D. piger as co-culture in mPGM. n = 3 independent experiments, ***P < 0.001 determined by two-tailed t-test (e) or one-way ANOVA (f). Data are mean ± s.e.m.