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. 2023 Mar 6;14(3):428–446. doi: 10.1007/s13239-023-00663-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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3D geometries of the idealized and patient-specific total cavopulmonary connections assisted by the optimal self-powered venous ejector pump (VEP). (a) 0 DO idealized TCPC, (b) 0.5 DO idealized TCPC, (c) patient-specific case 1 (PSC1) and, d) patient-specific case 2 (PSC2). The selected optimal VEP has an aortic nozzle diameter of 2.5 mm, throat size of 12 mm and, atrial discharge diameter of 4 mm. Red, blue, and grey colors represent the native vessels, the venous ejector pump, and the connecting grafts, respectively.