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. 2023 Mar 6;14(3):428–446. doi: 10.1007/s13239-023-00663-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Performance parameters for the ideal VEP prototype in idealized and patient-specific TCPC models during (a) full assist and (b) failure of device scenarios. The ideal VEP has a throat and atrial discharge diameter of 12 mm and 4 mm, respectively. The aortic nozzle diameter is 2.5 mm in the prototypes. dP the pressure change as compared to baseline, dQ_P the change in pulmonary flow as compared to baseline, IVC inferior vena cava, SVC superior vena cava, C_O2,sa systemic arterial oxygen saturation, 0 OD idealized TCPC model with zero diameter inlet offset, 0.5 OD idealized TCPC model with 0.5 diameter inlet offset, PSC1 patient-specific case 1, and PSC2 patient-specific case 2. The baseline represents the TCPC state without the venous ejector pump. For PSC2, the SVC pressure represents the average pressure of the right and left innominate veins.