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. 2023 Mar 6;14(3):428–446. doi: 10.1007/s13239-023-00663-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Impact of aortic nozzle diameter on the IVC and SVC pressure (a), aortic graft and atrial discharge flow rate (b), systemic arterial oxygen saturation (c), and the ratio of cardiac output over the systemic flow rate (d). dP pressure change as compared to baseline (no VEP), IVC inferior vena cava, SVC superior vena cava, AoG aortic graft, AD atrial discharge, C_{sa, O2} systemic arterial oxygen saturation, CO cardiac output, and Q_S systemic flow rate.