Table 2.

Juvenile-onset SLE with neuropsychiatric involvement

	Giani et al. [19]	YU et al. [32]	Kısaarslan et al. [31]	Khajezadeh et al. [30]	Zambrano et al. [33]	Singh et al. [34]
Country of study	UK	China	Turkey	Iran	Colombia	India
Cohort size
• Total jSLE patients, N	428	185	1107	146	90	53
• NP-jSLE patients, N (%)	107 (25)	64 (34.6)	149 (13.5)	41 (28)	30 (33.3)	27 (50.9)
Female to male ratio	5.4:1	5.9:1	7.7:1	3:1	5.4:1	2.8:1
Mean age (SD)	12.2 (± 3.1)	13.2 (± 3)	12.8	10.2 (± 3)	12.2	9.9 (± 3.2)
Distribution of NP features (%) among NP-jSLE patients
Central NS	93	97	94.6	99.3	87	94.4
Peripheral NS	7	3	5.4	0.7	13	5.6
Aseptic meningitis	1.8	0	0.7	0.7	N/A	3.7
Acute confusional state	6.5	12.5	33.6	N/A	N/A	7.5
Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (GBS)	1	0	2	N/A	6	N/A
Autonomic disorders	2.8	1.6	2	N/A	N/A	N/A
Anxiety disorders	23.3	6.3	32.9	N/A	N/A	1.8
Cerebrovascular disease	14.9	39	14.8	5.3	26	11.3
Cognitive dysfunction	42	0	22.8	11.6	N/A	17
Cranial neuropathy	5.6	1.6	3.4	0.7	N/A	1
Demyelinating syndrome	1.8	3.1	2	N/A	N/A	1.8
Headache	78.5	10.9	50	13	36	39.6
Movement disorders	17.7	0	16.8	3.4	16	5.6
Mood disorders	48.6	12.5	29.5	5.4	N/A	9.4
Myelopathy	0.9	4.7	2.7	N/A	N/A	N/A
Psychosis	9.3	21.9	17.4	2.1	13	9.4
Seizures	19.6	84.4	38.3	9.5	50	35.8
Mononeuropathy	8.4	3.1	2	N/A	N/A	N/A
Myasthenia gravis	0	0	0	N/A	N/A	N/A
Plexopathy	0.9	0	0	N/A	N/A	N/A
Polyneuropathy	1.8	4.7	6	N/A	N/A	N/A

Only studies with sufficient clinical and demographic data have been included

jSLE juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, NP neuropsychiatric, UK United Kingdom, SD standard deviation, NS nervous system, GBS Guillain-Barré syndrome, N/A not applicable