Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants based on NAFLD stratification.
| Characteristic | NAFLD | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| N | 3056 | 2361 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (year), mean ± SD | 47.84 ± 18.12 | 51.06 ± 15.97 | < 0.001 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1318 (43.13%) | 1133 (47.99%) | |
| Female | 1738 (56.87%) | 1228 (52.01%) | |
| Race | < 0.001 | ||
| Mexican American | 342 (11.19%) | 388 (16.43%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 302 (9.88%) | 263 (11.14%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1188 (38.87%) | 1024 (43.37%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 613 (20.06%) | 484 (20.50%) | |
| Other race—including multi-racial | 611 (19.99%) | 202 (8.56%) | |
| Education level | < 0.001 | ||
| < High school | 555 (18.16%) | 513 (21.73%) | |
| High school | 613 (20.06%) | 575 (24.35%) | |
| > High school | 1888 (61.78%) | 1273 (53.92%) | |
| PIR | < 0.001 | ||
| < = 1 | 628 (20.55%) | 549 (23.25%) | |
| 1–3 | 1213 (39.69%) | 1059 (44.85%) | |
| > 3 | 1215 (39.76%) | 753 (31.89%) | |
| Behavioral characteristics | |||
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | ||
| Never | 1929 (63.12%) | 1285 (54.43%) | |
| Now | 488 (15.97%) | 421 (17.83%) | |
| Former | 639 (20.91%) | 655 (27.74%) | |
| Work activities status | 0.048 | ||
| No | 1813 (59.33%) | 1312 (55.57%) | |
| Moderate | 662 (21.66%) | 559 (23.68%) | |
| Vigorous | 118 (3.86%) | 94 (3.98%) | |
| Both | 463 (15.15%) | 396 (16.77%) | |
| Recreational activities status | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 1349 (44.14%) | 1359 (57.56%) | |
| Moderate | 858 (28.08%) | 624 (26.43%) | |
| Vigorous | 279 (9.13%) | 122 (5.17%) | |
| Both | 570 (18.65%) | 256 (10.84%) | |
| Dietary characteristics | |||
| Dietary energy intake (kcal), Mean ± SD | 3934.68 ± 1481.90 | 3989.11 ± 1616.94 | 0.198 |
| Dietary protein intake (mg), mean ± SD | 156.71 ± 66.36 | 160.26 ± 70.70 | 0.058 |
| Dietary folate intake (mcg), median (Q1-Q3) | 710.00 (500.00–985.25) | 673.00 (476.00–928.00) | 0.012 |
| Related disease conditions | |||
| Hypertension status | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 2084 (68.19%) | 1053 (44.60%) | |
| Yes | 972 (31.81%) | 1308 (55.40%) | |
| Diabetes status | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 2276 (74.48%) | 1075 (45.53%) | |
| Yes | 352 (11.52%) | 788 (33.38%) | |
| IGT | 210 (6.87%) | 194 (8.22%) | |
| IFG | 218 (7.13%) | 304 (12.88%) | |
| Anthropometric measurements | |||
| Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD | 89.16 ± 9.84 | 114.25 ± 13.50 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.13 ± 3.68 | 35.23 ± 6.55 | < 0.001 |
| Biochemical indicators | |||
| GGT (IU/L), median (Q1–Q3) | 16.00 (12.00–21.00) | 24.00 (18.00–38.00) | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL), median (Q1–Q3) | 78.00 (56.00–108.00) | 130.00 (91.00–187.00) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 185.00 ± 39.41 | 194.28 ± 41.41 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 58.13 ± 15.51 | 46.82 ± 11.87 | < 0.001 |
| AST (u/L), median (Q1–Q3) | 21.00 (18.00–25.00) | 22.00 (19.00–28.00) | < 0.001 |
| ALT(u/L), median (Q1–Q3) | 18.00 (14.00–23.00) | 23.00 (17.00–32.00) | < 0.001 |
| Serum folate (nmol/L), median (Q1–Q3) | 38.51 (26.27–55.72) | 33.98 (24.01–50.06) | < 0.001 |
NAFLD Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, PIR Poverty Income Ratio, IFG Impaired Fasting Glycemia, IGT Impaired Glucose Tolerance, BMI Body Mass Index, GGT Gamma glutamyl transferase, AST Aspartate Transaminase, ALT Alanine Aminotransferase.