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. 2023 Aug 9;8:112. doi: 10.1038/s41541-023-00701-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — A Representative indirect immuno-fluorescence assay (IFA showing reactivity of IgM from an individual immunized 3× with SumayaVac-1 with developing merozoites during schizogony and free mature merozoites. Trophozoites as well as non-IgM opsonized schizonts served as a negative control. Scale bar, 5 μm. B Mapping of linear B cell epitopes across MSP1 for IgM. Sera from vaccinees (1:1000) was applied to a custom-made MSP1 peptide microarray chip. The fluorescence intensity landscapes across MSP1 are shown for each sample (n = 24). Controls comprise the placebos (n = 4). For orientation, the structural organization of MSP1 is shown over the fluorescence profiles. Pre-staining was done with the respective secondary antibodies goat anti-human IgG (Fc) DyLight680, goat anti-human IgM (μ chain) DyLight800 (0.2 μg/ml). Full details of epitopes and fluorescence intensities are provided in the Data file S4. C Location over the entire MSP1 protein of the top 5% binder epitopes showing the stronger increases in the averaged median intensities between placebo (n = 4) and vaccinees (n = 24) for IgM. Relevant epitopes have been highlighted.