Fig. 3. Patterns of allele sharing in Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Eneolithic Central and Eastern Europeans.

(a-c) f₄-statistics testing allele sharing between Mesolithic Central European hunter-gatherers (WHG, Loschbour) and European Neolithic farmers (EN, LBK) (d-f) Regional continuity f₃-outgroup test. The vertical line shows the lower point of the 95% confidence interval for the comparison with the oldest dated individual. The individuals included were excavated in modern-day Poland (a & d), Romania (b & e), and Ukraine (c & f). The data are shown for newly produced data and, additionally, for three Mesolithic Romanian (sample labels OC & SC) and eight Neolithic individuals from Poland (sample label N) published previously^22,36. Error bars indicate the 95% confidence intervals from block Jackknife standard errors. The individuals were ordered based on their cal ¹⁴C age 95,4% range midpoint or context-based age midpoint (lbk101, lbk102, lbk104). All the statistics were calculated using the 1000 genomes transversion overlap panel. Only tests which are based on at least 10 000 (for f₄) and 500 (for f₃) sites are shown. Patterns of allele sharing in Mesolithic are highlighted in orange.