Table 10.
Study characteristics of other digital tools categorya.
| Study, year | Digital tool | OSAb definition | Sample size, n (group type: D=derivation group, V=validation group, T=test group, V=validation group) | OSA prevalence, n (%) | Area under the curve, (95% CI) | Sensitivity, % (95% CI) | Specificity, % (95% CI) |
| Alshaer et al [59], 2013 | Face frame with a microphone attached | AHIc≥10; AHI≥15d | 32 (D) | —e | — | 100 (—); 89 (—)d |
85 (—); 96 (—)d |
| Zaffaroni et al [57], 2013 | Radar | AHI≥5; AHI≥15d; AHI≥30 | 74 (D) | 60 (81) | 0.90 (—); 0.97 (—)d; 0.96 (—) |
98 (—); 90 (—)d; 84 (—) |
47 (—); 92 (—)d; 89 (—) |
| Crinion et al [56], 2020 | Radar | AHI≥15 | 67 (D); 55 (V) | 53 (79) | 0.85 (—) | 88 (—) | 67 (—) |
| Xin et al [31], 2021 | Bone-conducted transducer | AHI=5; AHI=15d; AHI=30 | 28 (D) | 23 (82) | 0.91 (—); 1.00 (—)d; 1.00 (—) |
91 (—); 100 (—)d; 92 (—) |
100 (—); 100 (—)d; 100 (—) |
| Zhao et al [58], 2021 | Radar—OrbSense | AHI≥5; AHI≥15; AHI≥30d | 359 (D) | — | 0.90 (—); 0.94 (—); 0.97 (—)d |
96 (93-98); 90 (84-93); 89 (81-93)d |
56 (44-68); 81 (74-87); 94 (90-97)d |
| Wei et al [23], 2022 | Radar; ring | AHI≥5 | 67 (D) | 57 (85) | 0.85 (—) | 100 (—) | 70 (—) |
| Zhuang et al [24], 2022f | Radar | — | 10 (D); 2 (V) | — | — | — | — |
| Wang et al [25], 2022 | Audio recorder | AHI≥5; AHI≥15; AHI≥30d | 116 (D); 19 (T); 59 (V) | — | 0.94 (—); 0.98 (—); 0.99 (—)d |
94 (—); 89 (—); 96 (—)d |
83 (—); 96 (—); 92 (—)d |
aIf the study used different clinical cutoff values for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea, the results are only presented for the best-achieved cutoff and marked in italics. When external validation was performed, the results are only presented for the validation group. Studies that used event-wise validation are mentioned in a footnote.
bOSA: obstructive sleep apnea.
cAHI: apnea-hypopnea index.
dBest-achieved cutoff.
eNot available.
fUsed event-wise validation.