Table 11.

Risk of bias for other digital tools category using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for diagnostic test accuracy studies.

Study, year	Risk of bias
	Patient selection			Index test
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	Q6	Q7	Q8	Q9	Q10
Alshaer et al [59], 2013	a							N/Ab		c
Zaffaroni et al [57], 2013								N/A
Crinion et al [56], 2020								N/A
Xin et al [31], 2021								N/A
Zhao et al [58], 2021								N/A
Wei et al [23], 2022								N/A
Zhuang et al [24], 2022								N/A
Wang et al [25], 2022								N/A

^aIndicates low risk of bias.

^bN/A: not applicable.

^cIndicates high risk of bias.