Table 2.
Study characteristics of the smartphone-based tools categorya.
| Study, year | Digital tool | OSAb definition | Sample size, n (group type: D=derivation group, V=validation group) | OSA prevalence, n (%) | Area under the curve, (95% CI) | Sensitivity, % (95% CI) | Specificity, % (95% CI) |
| Al-Mardini et al [33], 2014 | Smartphone (audio; accelerometer) | —c | 15 (D) | 8 (53) | — | 100 (—) | 86 (—) |
| Nandakumar et al [34], 2014 | Smartphone (sonar; audio) | — | 37 (D) | 26 (70) | — | — | — |
| Narayan et al [32], 2018 | Smartphone (audio) | AHId≥15 | 32 (D); 59 (V) | 48 (53) | 0.87 (—) | 94 (—) | 63 (—) |
| Lyon et al [28], 2019 | Smartphone (app; sonar) | AHI≥15 | 162 (D) | 83 (51) | 0.95 (—) | 94 (—) | 97 (—) |
| Haberfeld et al [26], 2020 | Smartphone (app) | — | 620 (D) | 357 (58) | Male: 0.61 (—); female: 0.62 (—) |
Male: 86 (—); female: 56 (—) |
— |
| Tiron et al [35], 2020 | Smartphone (sonar; audio) | AHI≥15 | 128 (D); 120 (V) | — | 0.92 (0.85-0.95) | 88 (77-95) | 80 (68-89) |
| Castillo-Escario et al [21], 2022e | Smartphone (audio) | — | 16 (D) | — | 0.88 (—) | 72 (—) | 89 (—) |
aWhen external validation was performed, the results are only presented for the validation group.
bOSA: obstructive sleep apnea.
cNot available.
dAHI: apnea-hypopnea index.
eUsed event-wise validation.