Table 3.

Risk of bias for smartphone-based tools category using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for diagnostic test accuracy studies.

Study, year	Risk of bias
	Patient selection			Index test
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	Q6	Q7	Q8	Q9	Q10
Al-Mardini et al [33], 2014	a	b	c					N/Ad
Nandakumar et al [34], 2014								N/A
Narayan et al [32], 2018								N/A
Lyon et al [28], 2019								N/A
Haberfeld et al [26], 2020								N/A
Tiron et al [35], 2020								N/A
Castillo-Escario et al [21], 2022								N/A

^aIndicates unclear risk of bias.

^bIndicates high risk of bias.

^cIndicates low risk of bias.

^dN/A: not applicable.