Table 4.
Study characteristics of the wearable tools categorya.
| Study, year | Digital tool | OSAb definition | Sample size, n (group type: D=derivation group, V=validation group) | OSA prevalence, n (%) | Area under the curve (95% CI) | Sensitivity, % (95% CI) | Specificity, % (95% CI) |
| Levendowski et al [42], 2014 | Neck device | AHIc>5d; AHI≥10; AHI≥15 | 20 (D); 24 (V) | —e | — |
78 (—)d; 81 (—); 87 (—) |
92 (—)d; 87 (—); 88 (—) |
| Selvaraj and Narasimhan [43], 2014 | Adhesive patch sensors (chest) | AHI≥15 | 53 (D) | 32 (60) | — | 94 (83-98) | 79 (65-88) |
| Ben Azouz et al [40], 2018 | Garment or body-worn sensor | — | 32 (D) | — | — | — | — |
| Hayano et al [39], 2020 | Smartwatch | AHI>15 | 41 (D) | 22 (54) | — | 82 (—) | 89 (—) |
| Chen et al [37], 2021 | Smartwatch | — | 20 (D) | — | — | 96 (—) | — |
| Ganglberger et al [41], 2021 | Respiration belt | — | 404 (D) | 248 (61) | 0.97 (—) | — | — |
| Chen et al [38], 2021 | Smartwatch | AHI≥5; AHI≥15d; AHI≥30 | 20 (D) | 17 (85) | 0.81 (—); 0.93 (—)d; 0.80 (—) |
77 (50-93); 86 (57-98)d; 80 (44-98) |
100 (29-100); 100 (54-100)d; 80 (44-98) |
| Yeh et al [44], 2021 | Ring | AHI≥5; AHI≥15; AHI≥30d | 78 (D) | 43 (55) | 0.93 (0.88-0.98); 0.96 (0.90-1.00); 0.96 (0.92-1.00)d |
100 (92-100); 93 (77-99); 71 (42-92)d |
3 (0-15); 74 (59-85); 95 (87-99)d |
| Fedorin and Slyusarenko [36], 2021 | Smartwatch | AHI>15 | 107 (D); 69 (V) | — | — | — | — |
| Xu et al [22], 2022 | Adhesive patch sensor (palm) | AHI≥5; AHI≥15d | 196 (D) | — | 0.95 (0.91-0.98); 0.95 (0.92-0.98)d |
93 (—); 92 (—)d |
77 (—); 89 (—)d |
aIf the study used different clinical cutoff values for obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis, the results are only presented for the best-achieved cutoff and marked in italics. When external validation was performed, the results are only presented for the validation group.
bOSA: obstructive sleep apnea.
cAHI: apnea-hypopnea index.
dBest-achieved cutoff.
eNot available.