. 2023 Aug 9;6(8):e2328121. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.28121

Table 1. Characteristics of Included Studies^a.

Source	Country	Study type, level of evidence	Funding	Surgery	Preemptive, intraoperative, and postoperative treatment, mg/d per os	Postoperative parenteral opioid consumption	Total patient No.	Age, mean (SD) or mean (range), y
Pandey et al,²⁶ 2004	India	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy	Placebo	Fentanyl	56	39.1 (11.6)
Pandey et al,²⁶ 2004	India	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy	Gabapentin 300, NA, NA	Fentanyl	56	38.5 (7.7)
Turan et al,²⁷ 2004	Turkey	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy or spinal fusion	Placebo	Morphine	50	45 (8)
Turan et al,²⁷ 2004	Turkey	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy or spinal fusion	Gabapentin 1200, NA, NA	Morphine	50	48 (9)
Pandey et al,²⁸ 2005	India	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy	Placebo	Fentanyl	100	39.6 (11.5)
					Gabapentin 300, NA, NA			39.9 (11.1)
					Gabapentin 600, NA, NA			40.7 (12)
					Gabapentin 900, NA, NA			43.5 (11.1)
					Gabapentin 1200, NA, NA			42.3 (12.8)
Radhakrishnan et al,²⁹ 2005	India	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy and laminectomy	Placebo	Morphine	60	41.67 (12.06)
Radhakrishnan et al,²⁹ 2005	India	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy and laminectomy	Gabapentin 800, NA, NA	Morphine	60	39.63 (10.87)
Burke et al,³⁰ 2010	Ireland	RCT, I	Yes	Lumbar discectomy	Placebo	Morphine	38	41 (12.4)
Burke et al,³⁰ 2010	Ireland	RCT, I	Yes	Lumbar discectomy	Pregabalin 300, NA, 150	Morphine	38	37 (7.8)
Hegarty et al,³¹ 2011	Ireland	RCT, I	Yes	Lumbar discectomy	Placebo	Morphine	32	41 (8.1)
Hegarty et al,³¹ 2011	Ireland	RCT, I	Yes	Lumbar discectomy	Pregabalin 300, NA, NA	Morphine	32	38.8 (7.9)
Khan et al,³² 2011	Iran	RCT, I	No	Lumbar laminectomy	Placebo	Morphine	175	41.0 (10.5)
					Gabapentin 600, NA, NA			43.6 (10.8)
					Gabapentin NA, NA, 600^b			43.5 (8.7)
					Gabapentin 900, NA, NA			41.9 (10.7)
					Gabapentin NA, NA, 900^b			41.1 (10.2)
					Gabapentin 1200, NA, NA			40.4 (10.3)
					Gabapentin NA, NA, 1200^b			41.0 (10.2)
Kim et al,³³ 2011	South Korea	RCT, I	No	Lumbar spinal fusion	Placebo	Morphine	84	38 (33-48)^c
					Pregabalin 75, NA, NA
					Pregabalin 150, NA, NA
Spreng et al,³⁴ 2011	Norway	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy	Placebo	Morphine	46	42.9 (7.6)
Spreng et al,³⁴ 2011	Norway	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy	Pregabalin 150, NA, NA	Morphine	46	44.1 (10.8)
Ozgencil et al,³⁵ 2011	Turkey	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy and laminectomy	Placebo	Morphine	90	48.6 (6.5)
					Gabapentin 1200, NA, 1200			50.6 (9.1)
					Pregabalin 300, NA, 300			51.9 (7.1)
Gianesello et al,³⁶ 2012	Italy	RCT, I	No	Lumbar laminectomy and spinal fusion	Placebo	Morphine	60	66.2 (10.8)
Gianesello et al,³⁶ 2012	Italy	RCT, I	No	Lumbar laminectomy and spinal fusion	Pregabalin 300, NA, 300	Morphine	60	63.5 (9.9)
Choi et al,³⁷ 2013	South Korea	RCT, I	No	Lumbar laminectomy or spinal fusion	Placebo	Fentanyl	108	54 (21-69)
					Pregabalin 300, NA, NA			53 (25-70)
					Pregabalin 300, NA, NA plus dexamethasone 16 mg, NA, NA^b			52 (20-69)
Kumar et al,³⁸ 2013	India	RCT, I	No	Lumbar laminectomy	Placebo	Fentanyl	75	45.64 (11.1)
					Pregabalin 150, NA, NA			45.36 (11.04)
					Tramadol 100, NA, NA^b			41.8 (12.43)
Khurana et al,³⁹ 2014	India	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy	Placebo	NA	90	47.1 (10.7)
					Gabapentin 300, NA, 900			49 (10.4)
					Pregabalin 75, NA, 225			46.9 (10.1)
Zarei et al,⁴⁰ 2016	Iran	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy	Placebo	Morphine	105	44 (9)
					Pregabalin 300, NA, 300			40 (10)
					Pregabalin 300, NA, 300^b			45 (12)
Vasigh et al,⁴¹ 2016	Iran	RCT, I	Yes	Lumbar laminectomy	Placebo	Morphine	114	50.2 (7.2)
					Gabapentin 600, NA, 300			49.5 (5.9)
					Gabapentin 300, NA, 300 plus Celecoxib 200, 200^b			49.3 (6)
Qadeer et al,⁴² 2017	Pakistan	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy	Pregabalin 150, NA, NA	Morphine	78	39 (12)
Qadeer et al,⁴² 2017	Pakistan	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy	Gabapentin 400, NA, NA	Morphine	78	42 (8.9)
Yadav et al,⁴³ 2018	India	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy and laminectomy	Placebo	Fentanyl	60	41.6 (11.5)
					Pregabalin 150, NA, NA			43.8 (11.2
					Pregabalin 300, NA, NA			40.8 (11.0)
Urban et al,⁴⁴ 2018	USA	RCT, I	Yes	Lumbar spinal fusion	Placebo	Hydromorphone plus morphine per os	86	56 (13)
Urban et al,⁴⁴ 2018	USA	RCT, I	Yes	Lumbar spinal fusion	Pregabalin 150, NA, 150	Hydromorphone plus morphine per os	86	57 (13)
Altiparmak et al,⁴⁵ 2018	Turkey	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy or laminectomy or spinal fusion	Placebo	Morphine	94	54 (11)
					Pregabalin 75, NA, 150			54 (11)
					Duloxetine 60, NA^b			53 (11)
Routray et al,⁴⁶ 2018	India	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy	Placebo	Tramadol	75	39.76 (12.93)
					Pregabalin 300, NA, NA			36.56 (9.82)
					Gabapentin 600, NA, NA			35.36 (9.97)
Raja et al,⁴⁷ 2019	India	RCT, I	Yes	Lumbar spinal fusion	Placebo	Morphine	97	51.6 (9.46)
					Pregabalin 75, NA, NA plus ketorolac 20, NA, NA			49.7 (12.33)
					plus acetaminophen 1000, NA, NA
Momon et al,⁴⁸ 2019	France	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy or spinal fusion	Placebo	Oxycodone per os	145	41.8 (11.8)
					Pregabalin 150, NA, NA			41.1 (11.3)
					Dexamethasone 0.2/kg, NA, NA^b			39.4 (10.9)
					Pregabalin 150, NA, NA plus Dexamethasone 0.2/kg, NA, NA^b			41.5 (10.1)
Bala et al,⁴⁹ 2019	India	RCT, I	No	Thoracolumbar laminectomy	Placebo	Fentanyl	75	39.76 (12.05)
					Pregabalin 150, NA, NA			31.72 (10.33)
					Clonidine 150, NA, NA^b			34.08 (14.34)
Kien et al,⁵⁰ 2019	Vietnam	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy or laminectomy or spinal fusion	Placebo	Morphine	60	48.23 (11.88)
Kien et al,⁵⁰ 2019	Vietnam	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy or laminectomy or spinal fusion	Pregabalin 150, NA, NA plus Celecoxib 200, NA, NA	Morphine	60	44.93 (10.26)
Zhang et al,⁵¹ 2021	China	RCT, I	Yes	Lumbar spinal fusion	Placebo	Tramadol plus flurbiprofen	93	55.5)
					Pregabalin 150, NA, 150 plus Celecoxib 400, NA, 400			59
					Ropivacaine 150^b^,^d			59.5
Baloch et al,²⁴ 2021	Pakistan	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy	Placebo	Opioid^e	84	NA (27- 61)
Baloch et al,²⁴ 2021	Pakistan	RCT, I	No	Lumbar discectomy	Pregabalin 150, NA, 150	Opioid^e	84	NA (27- 61)

Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; RCT, randomized clinical trial.

^{^a}

This table presents the key characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review and network meta-analysis. The table includes information such as the author(s), publication year, country, study design with level of evidence, detailed spine surgery, interventions (dosages of gabapentin and pregabalin), sample size, and other relevant details. The table provides a comprehensive overview of the included studies, allowing readers to examine the study characteristics and evaluate the relevance and quality of the evidence. Levels of evidence are defined according to Halperin et al.²³ According to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, level I, systematic review of randomized RCTs, denotes individual RCTs; level II, systemic review of cohort studies, denotes individual cohort studies and outcomes research; level III, systematic review of case-control studies, denotes individual case-control studies; level IV, case series (with or without comparison); and level V, expert opinion.

^{^b}

Not included in further analysis.

^{^c}

Refers to interquartile range.

^{^d}

Refers to subcutaneous infiltration at the end of surgery.

^{^e}

The study did not mention which opioid.

Table 1. Characteristics of Included Studiesa.

Table 1. Characteristics of Included Studies^a.