Fig. 2.

Biomaterials mimic the component and structure of ECM for bone repair. A) Collagen-HA co-assembled scaffolds loaded with immune ions are programmed to promote osteogenic gene expression in BMSCs. Reproduced and adapted with permission [25]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. B) Bionic HA scaffold regulates the cellular activity of MSCs and enhances the ossification process to promote bone repair. Reproduced and adapted with permission [37]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. C) Age-specific dECM provides different local environments for BMSCs and promotes microfracture repair in vivo. Reproduced and adapted with permission [40]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. D) HA scaffold with natural bone-mimicking nanopores to improve bone regeneration efficiency. Reproduced and adapted with permission [41]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature.