Figure 1.

Cancer-cell extrinsic roles for AR in prostate cancer. Shown are direct AR functions in indicated cell types that can impact prostate cancer patients. Text in red indicates that contradictory data exists (CCL2 has been reported to be both positively and negatively regulated by AR in macrophages). AR, androgen receptor; CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; IL, interleukin; PMN-MDSC, polymorphonuclear-myeloid–derived suppressor cell; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; Th, T helper; TME, tumor microenvironment; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Treg, regulatory T cell; TREM-1, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1.