Table 1.
Nipah Virus Outbreaks in South Asia Countries (1999–2021).
| Country (place) | Year | No. of cases | No. of deaths (Case fatality rate, %) |
Primary route of transmission | Laboratory diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malaysia | 1998–1999 | 265 | 105(39.6%) |
Close contact with pigs (i.e., pig farmers) |
|
| Singapore | 1999 | 11 | 1(9.1%) | Contact with pigs | |
| India (Siliguri) | Jan–Feb 2001 | 66 | 45(68.2%) |
Human to human close direct contact Contact with bats from the Pteropus spp. |
|
| Bangladesh | Apr–May 2001 | 13 | 9(69.2%) |
Consumption of fruits or fruit products (raw date palm juice) - Contaminated with urine or saliva from infected fruit bats |
|
| Bangladesh | Jan 2003/April 2004 | 12/31 | 8/23(67%/74%) | Same as above | |
| Bangladesh | Jan–Mar 2005 | 12 | 11(9%2) | ||
| Bangladesh | Jan–Feb 2007/March–April 2007 | 8/3 | 5/1(63%/33%) | ||
| India (Nadia) | Apr 2007 | 5 | 5(100%) | ||
| Bangladesh | Feb–April 2008 | 4/7 | 4/5(100%/71%) | ||
| Bangladesh | Jan 2009 | 4 | 1(75%) | ||
| Bangladesh | Feb–March 2010/Jan–Feb 2011 | 16/44 | 14/40(88%/91%) | ||
| Bangladesh | Feb 2012/Jan–Apr 2013 | 12/24 | 10/21(83%/88%) | ||
| Philippines | 2014 | 17 | 9(53%) | ||
| Bangladesh | 2014/2015 | 18/9 | 9/6(50%/67%) | ||
| India (Kerala State) | May 2018 | 18 | 17(94.4%) | Suspected of consumption of fruits or fruit products | |
| India (Kerala State) | September 2021 | 1 | 1(100%) | Contact with horses/Consumption of horse meat | On 4 September, 2021 the presence of Nipah virus in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and IgM antibodies was confirmed in the plasma sample by ELISA serology test at NIV Pune |