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Electrostatic energy
of a test charge between two sides of a graphite
electrode. (a) The graphite electrode in vacuum under 3D PBCs is used
as the model for representing a perfect metal electrode. (b) The total
electrostatic energy of the system when moving the test charge between
two sides of electrode. The solid line corresponds to the theoretical
result 
, where L is the size of
the vacuum slab and z the distance between the test
charge and the electrode surface.
