Figure 1.

Schematics of the proposed isolated mitochondria model. The model consists of 3 regions (buffer, inter-membrane space (IMS), and matrix). The model includes metabolite and phosphate transporters, H⁺ leak, TCA cycle enzymes, ETC complexes, and ATP synthase. Mitochondrial complex II is lumped as part of the TCA cycle shown as SDH-CII. The transporters and enzymes are shown in blue circles, and the metabolite in the TCA cycle are shown in white circles. All the metabolites except CytC are assumed to be freely permeable across mitochondria outer membrane. The metabolites are transported between the mitochondrial matrix and IMS regions by different transports, including uniporters, co-transporters, and antitransporters. The model regulations including dicarboxylate carrier for SUC_e influx (DCCS) inhibition by MAL_m, dicarboxylate carrier for MAL_m efflux (DCCM) inhibition by SUC_m, IDH inhibition by NADH, SDH-CII inhibition by OXA_m, and SDH-CII stimulation by MAL_m.