eTable 5. Overview of clinically relevant and preclinical laboratory tests.
Biomarker | References | |
Clinical | ||
Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Glucose (fasting) ≥ 126 mg/dL (2×) or HbA1C ≥ 7% or glucose (postprandial) >198 mg/dL | (e41) |
Chronic kidney disease | Glomerular filtration rate ≥ 90 mL/min /1.73 m2; urinary albumin excretion <2 mg/l or <80 mg/24 h | (e41) |
Parathyroid diseases | Parathyroid hormone <10–55 pg/ml | (e41) |
Vitamin D metabolism | 25-hydroxy vitamin D <20 ng/ml (50 nmol/l) and between 21–29 ng/ml (52.5–72.5 nmol/l), respectively; 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin d < 20 or 45 pg/ml; (<48 and >108 pmol/L) | (e41) |
Electrolyte imbalances | Calcium (total) [<8.5 or >10.2 mg/dL], phosphate [<2.4 or >4.1 mg/dL], magnesium [<1.8 or >3.6 mg/dL] |
(e41) |
Experimental | ||
Vitamin K metabolism | Dp-ucMGP, PIVKA II | (e42) |
Bone metabolism | Osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin | (e43, e44) |
Inflammation | IL-6, IL-8, TNFα | (e43, e44) |
Other | Fibroblast growth factor-23, Klotho, Fetuin-A, bone morphogenetic proteins, pyrophosphate, fibrillin, SMADs, carbonic anhydrase, calcium-sensing receptor, sclerotin | (e43, e44) |
Dp-ucMGP, dephosphorylated uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; PIVKA II, protein synthesized in vitamin K deficiency; Smads, suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic