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. 2023 May 31;120(21-22):365–372. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0066

eTable 5. Overview of clinically relevant and preclinical laboratory tests.

Biomarker References
Clinical
Type 2 diabetes mellitus Glucose (fasting) ≥ 126 mg/dL (2×) or HbA1C ≥ 7% or glucose (postprandial) >198 mg/dL (e41)
Chronic kidney disease Glomerular filtration rate ≥ 90 mL/min /1.73 m2; urinary albumin excretion <2 mg/l or <80 mg/24 h (e41)
Parathyroid diseases Parathyroid hormone <10–55 pg/ml (e41)
Vitamin D metabolism 25-hydroxy vitamin D <20 ng/ml (50 nmol/l) and between 21–29 ng/ml (52.5–72.5 nmol/l), respectively; 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin d < 20 or 45 pg/ml; (<48 and >108 pmol/L) (e41)
Electrolyte imbalances Calcium (total) [<8.5 or >10.2 mg/dL],
phosphate [<2.4 or >4.1 mg/dL],
magnesium [<1.8 or >3.6 mg/dL]
(e41)
Experimental
Vitamin K metabolism Dp-ucMGP, PIVKA II (e42)
Bone metabolism Osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin (e43, e44)
Inflammation IL-6, IL-8, TNFα (e43, e44)
Other Fibroblast growth factor-23, Klotho, Fetuin-A, bone morphogenetic proteins, pyrophosphate, fibrillin, SMADs, carbonic anhydrase, calcium-sensing receptor, sclerotin (e43, e44)

Dp-ucMGP, dephosphorylated uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; PIVKA II, protein synthesized in vitamin K deficiency; Smads, suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic