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. 2023 Jul 27;14:1207132. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1207132

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Copyright © 2023 Zhao, Yang, Liu, Zhang, Niu, Wang and Yu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gut microbiota-targeted DN therapies. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics improve gut microbial dysbiosis, increase the release of beneficial metabolites (SCFAs, BAs, and H₂S), decrease the production of harmful metabolites (LPS, TMAO, IS, and PCS) and repair intestinal barrier. The restoration of gut microbial microbial homeostasis further alleviates the progression of DN through gut–kidney axis.