Table 3.

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the digital divide^a.

DVb: ln(Usage)			OLSc	REd		FEe
COVID_Period
	β (SE)	.228 (.004)		.194 (.004)	.156 (.004)
	P value	<.001		<.001	<.001
Minority
	β (SE)	−.158 (.007)		−.168 (.011)	N/Af
	P value	<.001		<.001	N/A
COVID_Period×Minority
	β (SE)	.028 (.009)		.037 (.007)	.043 (0.007)
	P value	.002		<.001	<.001
Age
	β (SE)	−.004 (.0002)		−.004 (.0003)	N/A
	P value	<.001		<.001	N/A
Male
	β (SE)	−.046 (.004)		−.041 (.009)	N/A
	P value	<.001		<.001	N/A
BMI
	β (SE)	.004 (.0003)		.004 (.001)	N/A
	P value	<.001		<.001	N/A
Abnormal BPg
	β (SE)	−.004 (.004)		−.006 (.009)	N/A
	P value	.32		.52	N/A
COVID problem
	β (SE)	.197 (.033)		.224 (.070)	N/A
	P value	<.001		.002	N/A
Office visit
	β (SE)	.317 (.003)		.184 (.002)	.145 (.002)
	P value	<.001		<.001	<.001
Income
	β (SE)	−.0003 (.0001)		−.0002 (.0001)	N/A
	P value	<.001		.06	N/A
Education attainment
	β (SE)	.103 (.017)		.121 (.036)	N/A
	P value	<.001		.001	N/A
Medical problems
	β (SE)	.011 (.0002)		.016 (.0003)	.042 (.001)
	P value	<.001		<.001	<.001
Constant
	β (SE)	.453 (.015)		.503 (.030)	N/A
	P value	<.001		<.001	N/A
Marital status FE			Yes	Yes		Yes
Insurance FE			Yes	Yes		Yes
Month FE			Yes	Yes		Yes
Observations			301,281	301,281		301,281
R 2			0.13	0.066		0.052

^aUsing a panel data set, we estimated pooled OLS, RE, and FE models to examine the relationship between the COVID_Period×Minority (main independent variable) and patient portal use (DV). Robust SEs are reported in parentheses.

^bDV: dependent variable.

^cOLS: ordinary least squares.

^dRE: random effect.

^eFE: fixed effect.

^fN/A: not applicable.

^gBP: blood pressure.