Table 4.

Change of digital divide: internet access mode^a.

DVb: ln(Usage)		OLSc		REd		FEe
		Web	Mobile	Web	Mobile	Web	Mobile
COVID_Period
	β (SE)	.124 (.004)	.176 (.003)	.100 (.003)	.157 (.002)	.075 (.003)	.142 (.002)
	P value	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
Minority
	β (SE)	−.111 (.006)	−.066 (.004)	−.120 (.010)	−.075 (.009)	N/Af	N/A
	P value	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	N/A	N/A
COVID_Period×Minority
	β (SE)	−.020 (.008)	.037 (.007)	−.013 (.007)	.042 (.005)	−.008 (.006)	.044 (.004)
	P value	.02	<.001	.06	<.001	.19	<0.001
Age
	β (SE)	.003 (.0001)	−.007 (.0001)	.002 (.0003)	−.008 (.0003)	N/A	N/A
	P value	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	N/A	N/A
Male
	β (SE)	−.054 (.004)	.010 (.003)	−.052 (.008)	.015 (.007)	N/A	N/A
	P value	<.001	<.001	<.001	.04	N/A	N/A
BMI
	β (SE)	.0004 (.0002)	.004 (.0002)	.0001 (.001)	.003 (.0005)	N/A	N/A
	P value	.07	<.001	.85	<.001	N/A	N/A
Abnormal BPg
	β (SE)	.001 (.004)	−.004 (.003)	−.002 (.009)	−.001 (.008)	N/A	N/A
	P value	.88	.18	.83	.84	N/A	N/A
COVID problem
	β (SE)	.062 (.029)	.195 (.028)	.077 (.064)	.211 (.073)	N/A	N/A
	P value	.04	<.001	.23	.004	N/A	N/A
Office visit
	β (SE)	.224 (.003)	.133 (.002)	.129 (.002)	.066 (.002)	.105 (.002)	.056 (.001)
	P value	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
Income
	β (SE)	−.0001 (.0001)	−.0003 (.00004)	−.0001 (.0001)	−.0002 (.0001)	N/A	N/A
	P value	.25	<.001	.69	.01	N/A	N/A
Education attainment
	β (SE)	.109 (.016)	.008 (.011)	.121 (.035)	.020 (.029)	N/A	N/A
	P value	<.001	.45	.001	.49	N/A	N/A
Medical problems
	β (SE)	.008 (.0002)	.004 (.0001)	.012 (.0003)	.009 (.0003)	.029 (.001)	.020 (.001)
	P value	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
Constant
	β (SE)	.247 (.014)	.213 (.011)	.279 (.029)	.236 (.026)	N/A	N/A
	P value	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	N/A	N/A
Marital Status FE		Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	N/A	N/A
Insurance FE		Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	N/A	N/A
Month FE		Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	N/A	N/A
Observations		301,281	301,281	301,281	301,281	301,281	301,281
R2		0.087	0.077	0.037	0.052	0.026	0.051

^aUsing a panel data set, we estimate pooled OLS, RE, and FE models to examine whether the relationship between the COVID_Period×Minority (main independent variable) and patient portal use (DV) differs by internet access mode. Robust SEs are reported in parentheses.

^bDV: dependent variable.

^cOLS: ordinary least squares.

^dRE: random effect.

^eFE: fixed effect.

^fN/A: not applicable.

^gBP: blood pressure.