Table 5.

Effect of COVID-19 on digital divide: variety of functionality^a.

DVb: Gini (Functionality)			OLSc		REd		FEe
COVID_Period
	β (SE)	−.002 (.001)		−.001 (.0005)		−.0004 (.0005)
	P value	<.001		.01		.44
Minority
	β (SE)	.002 (0.001)		.002 (0.001)		N/Af
	P value	.002		.05		N/A
COVID_Period×Minority
	β (SE)	−.004 (.001)		−.004 (.001)		−.003 (.001)
	P value	<.001		<.001		.001
Age
	β (SE)	−.0003 (.00002)		−.0004 (.00003)		N/A
	P value	<.001		<.001		N/A
Male
	β (SE)	.004 (.0005)		.004 (.001)		N/A
	P value	<.001		<.001		N/A
BMI
	β (SE)	−.00001 (.00003)		.00003 (.00005)		N/A
	P value	.71		.58		N/A
Abnormal BPg
	β (SE)	.0004 (.0005)		.0004 (.001)		N/A
	P value	.38		.65		N/A
COVID problem
	β (SE)	.021 (.003)		.023 (.006)		N/A
	P value	<.001		<.001		N/A
Ln(Usage+1)
	β (SE)	−.128 (.0003)		−.127 (.0003)		−.126 (.0003)
	P value	<.001		<.001		.001
Office visit
	β (SE)	.004 (.0003)		.003 (.0003)		.001 (.0003)
	P value	<.001		<.001		.001
Mobile usage %
	β (SE)	.008 (.001)		−.015 (.001)		−.042 (.001)
	P value	<.001		<.001		.001
Income
	β (SE)	.00002 (.00001)		.00002 (.00001)		N/A
	P value	.007		.15		N/A
Education attainment
	β (SE)	−.018 (.002)		−.018 (.003)		N/A
	P value	<.001		<.001		N/A
Medical problems
	β (SE)	.0003 (.00002)		.0003 (.00003)		.0004 (.0001)
	P value	<.001		<.001		.001
Constant
	β (SE)	.928 (.002)		.931 (.003)		N/A
	P value	<.001		<.001		N/A
Marital status FE			Yes		Yes		Yes
Insurance FE			Yes		Yes		Yes
Month FE			Yes		Yes		Yes
Observations			301,281		301,281		301,281
R 2			0.575		0.527		0.495

^aUsing a panel data set, we estimated pooled OLS, RE, and FE models to examine whether the relationship between COVID_Period×Minority (main independent variable) and variety of functionality (DV) differs by internet access mode. Robust SEs are reported in parentheses.

^bDV: dependent variable.

^cOLS: ordinary least squares.

^dRE: random effect.

^eFE: fixed effect.

^fN/A: not applicable.

^gBP: blood pressure.