FIG A2.

Racial and ethnic disparities in UDS by patient sex, urban/rural status, and Medicaid dual-eligibility: (A) the adjusted absolute differences in the proportion of decedents undergoing UDS by race, ethnicity, and sex. White women are the reference group. *Statistically significant positive interactions were observed between Black and male, and Hispanic and male. (B) The adjusted absolute differences in UDS by race, ethnicity, and urban/rural status. White rural-dwelling patients are the reference group. (C) The adjusted absolute differences of UDS by race, ethnicity, and dual-eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid. White dual-eligible patients are the reference group. *We observed statistically significant negative interactions between Hispanic ethnicity and dual-eligibility. Circles reflect the adjusted correlation coefficients and the error bars reflect the 95% CIs from regression models. For all panels, UDS was assessed in the 180 days before death or hospice enrollment, and restricted to patients filling ≥ 1 opioid prescriptions. UDS, urine drug screening.