Table 4.
Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis of air pollution (particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides, exposure) with biomarkers in primary liver cancer in European population (IVW method).
| Exposures | Outcomes (biomarkers) | Beta (95%CI) | p | Number of SNPs | R2 | F | P (Cochran’s Q heterogeneity test) | P (MR-Egger intercept test) | P (MR-PRESSO global test) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 | Alpha-fetoprotein | −0.64 (−2.05, 0.76) | 0.370 | 7 | 0.059% | 257.485 | 0.871 | 0.287 | 0.884 | Osteopontin | −0.35 (−2.10, 1.40) | 0.695 | 8 | 0.069% | 292.604 | 0.684 | 0.177 | 0.671 | Glypican-3 | −2.12 (−5.58,1.33) | 0.228 | 4 | 0.038% | 166.694 | 0.691 | 0.464 | 0.725 | Arginase-1 | 1.39 (−0.49, 3.29) | 0.147 | 8 | 0.069% | 292.604 | 0.631 | 0.360 | 0.663 |
| PM2.5–10 | Alpha-fetoprotein | −0.50 (−1.82, 0.80) | 0.405 | 21 | 0.117% | 482.903 | 0.106 | 0.464 | 0.091 | Osteopontin | 0.20 (−1.26, 1.68) | 0.780 | 23 | 0.129% | 531.943 | 0.155 | 0.214 | 0.187 | Glypican-3 | −3.30 (−6.59, 0.02) | 0.058 | 6 | 0.033% | 136.070 | 0.575 | 0.790 | 0.592 | Arginase-1 | −0.41 (−1.80, 0.97) | 0.559 | 23 | 0.129% | 531.943 | 0.794 | 0.890 | 0.810 |
| PM10 | Alpha-fetoprotein | 0.08 (−0.77, 0.95) | 0.842 | 22 | 0.159% | 810.360 | 0.506 | 0.955 | 0.515 | Osteopontin | 0.49 (−0.99, 1.98) | 0.517 | 22 | 0.159% | 810.360 | 0.882 | 0.656 | 0.887 | Glypican-3 | −0.39 (−3.69, 2.90) | 0.814 | 6 | 0.052% | 271.045 | 0.125 | 0.579 | 0.180 | Arginase-1 | 1.78 (−0.08, 3.64) | 0.061 | 22 | 0.159% | 810.360 | 0.136 | 0.070 | 0.127 |
| Nitrogen dioxide | Alpha-fetoprotein | 0.51 (−1.33, 2.36) | 0.585 | 5 | 0.039% | 191.857 | 0.343 | 0.530 | 0.391 | Osteopontin | 0.86 (−2.50, 4.24) | 0.615 | 5 | 0.039% | 191.857 | 0.856 | 0.708 | 0.855 | Glypican-3 | −1.47 (−4.70, 1.75) | 0.388 | 5 | 0.039% | 191.857 | 0.625 | 0.398 | 0.654 | Arginase-1 | −0.44 (−4.10, 3.21) | 0.812 | 5 | 0.039% | 191.857 | 0.432 | 0.195 | 0.494 |
| Nitrogen oxides | Alpha-fetoprotein | 0.33 (−1.11, 1.78) | 0.652 | 8 | 0.060% | 283.730 | 0.394 | 0.527 | 0.430 | Osteopontin | −1.52 (−4.24, 1.19) | 0.271 | 8 | 0.060% | 283.730 | 0.833 | 0.286 | 0.819 | Glypican-3 | −1.56(−5.26, 2.12) | 0.405 | 4 | 0.033% | 160.302 | 0.682 | 0.458 | 0.702 | Arginase-1 | 4.46 (0.83, 8.08) | 0.015 | 5 | 0.033% | 155.317 | 0.453 | 0.366 | 0.502 |
PM, Particulate matter; MR, Mendelian randomization; IVW, Inverse variance weighted; SNPs, Single nucleotide polymorphisms; CI, Confidence Interval.
R2: the percentage of iron status variability explained by each SNP; F statistic to assess the presence of a weak instrumental variable bias; Genetic predictive value of the exposure factor for the outcome variable with an effect value of Beta.