Table 5.
Effects of bioactive components on the antimicrobial/antioxidant activity and biodegradation of biopolymers.
| Polymer/Composite | Production method | Formulation strategy | Bioactive component | Antimicrobial/Antioxidant effect | Biodegradation condition | Biodegradation rate | AA or MP effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delayed and/or slowed down | ||||||||
| Gliadin | Casting | Throughout | Cinnamaldehyde | - | Compost | Biodegradation rate decreased as the % of cinnamaldehyde increased | MP | (102) |
| Starch-PVA | Casting | Throughout | Neem EO, Oregano EO | - | Compost | EOs slightly decreased the biodegradation rate, especially Oregano EO | MP | (103) |
| Chitosan | Casting | Throughout | Buriti oil | S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa | Soil | Biodegradation rate decreased with increasing Buriti oil content, explained by increasing hydrophobicity with EO | MP | (63) |
| Starch | Casting | Throughout | Rosemary extract | Antioxidant activity | Compost | Biodegradation rate decreased by the presence of RE (time lag) | AA | (104) |
| Starch/Cassava/Sugarcane | Compression molding | Throughout | Oregano EO | S. aureus, E. coli | Soil | Biodegradation rate decreased with increasing Oregano EO %, explained by increasing hydrophobicity with EO | AA | (105) |
| Starch/PCL/Starch | Compression molding/Electrospinning | Throughout/Multilayer film | Carvacrol | E. coli | Compost | Slower biodegradation rate | AA | (106, 107) |
| PHBV/PLA-PHB | Electrospinning | Throughout/Bilayer film | Catechin | Strong antioxidant activity | Compost | Slightly slower disintegration rate | AA | (108) |
| Cassava/CMC | Casting | Coating | Turmeric | A. niger | Compost | 15 μL TEO slowed the disintegration rate | (64) | |
| PHB/PHA | Casting | Throughout | Grape seed lignin | Antioxidant activity | Compost | High % of lignin slowed the biodegradation rate | AA | (109) |
| Chitosan/Pigskin gelatin and Chitosan | Casting | Throughout | Boldo-do-Chile extract | Psychrotrophic microorganisms, antioxidant activity | Compost | Disintegration time reduced | MP | (110–112) |
| PHB | Casting | Throughout | Eugenol | Salmonella sp., S. aureus, E. coli and A. niger | Agricultural, sandy, and landfill soil | Biodegradation in sandy soil was slower than in other soil types | (113) | |
| Pectin | Casting | Nanoemulsions/Throughout | Copaiba | S. aureus, E. coli | Soil | Slower biodegradation rate | AA | (114) |
| Chitosan | Casting | Throughout | Quercus extract | B. subtilis, antioxidant activity | Industrial compost, vineyard soil, and garden soil | QE reduced the biodegradation rate in all soil types | AA | (115) |
| Gelatin | Casting | Throughout | Citrus lignocellulosic fibers | B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, strong antioxidant | Soil | Increasing ratios of fibers decreased the biodegradation rate | MP | (116) |
| Chitosan/Cin/Chitosan | Casting | Coating/Multilayer film | Cinnamon | S. aureus, E. coli | Soil | Biodegradation rate of the films with 0.5% Cinnamon EO reduced | MP | (117) |
| PLA/PCL | Casting | Throughout | Green tea extract | Antioxidant activity | Compost | GTE with 30 wt.% decreased the biodegradation | MP | (118) |
| Accelerated | ||||||||
| PLA-PHB | Compression molding | Throughout | D-Limonene | - | Compost | D-limonene accelerated the disintegration of the PLA-PHB-D-limonene blends | MP | (119) |
| PLA/Ag | Extrusion, injection molding | Throughout | Thymol | - | Compost | Thymol increased the biodegradation rate | MP | (120) |
| PLA/Cellulose Nanocrystals | Extrusion | Throughout | Lignin | Xhanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria and Xhantomonas arboricola pv. pruni | Compost | Increased biodegradation rate of the composites with 3 wt.% lignin | (121) | |
| Starch | Casting | Throughout | Yerba mate extract | - | Compost | YME increased the biodegradation rate | MP | (122) |
| Bean starch | Casting | Throughout | Cocoa nibs extract | Strong antioxidant | Compost | CNE increased the biodegradation rate | MP | (123) |
| PCL | Extrusion | Throughout | Grape seed extract | L. monocytogenes | Soil | GSE increased the biodegradation rate | MP | (124) |
| PLA/Organoclay | Extrusion | Supercritical impregnation of the ACs in PLA/Organoclay | Thymol, Cinnamaldehyde | S. aureus, E. coli | Compost | Both thymol and cinnamaldehyde increased the biodegradation rate | MP | (125) |
| PLA | Casting | Throughout | Cocoa bean shells | Strong antioxidant | Water | CBS presence increased the biodegradation rate | MP | (126) |
| PLA | Casting | Throughout | Propolis | E. coli, antioxidant activity | Soil | Propolis addition increased the biodegradation rate | (127) | |
| PLA/Nanoclay | Compression molding | Throughout/Nanoclay | Thymol | S. aureus 8,325–4, E. coli | Compost | Nanoclay increased the biodegradation rate | MP | (65) |
| PLA/Nanofibrillated cellulose | Casting | Throughout/Nanoclay | Thymol, Curry | Fungal growth | Soil | Thymol and NFC increased the biodegradation rate | MP | (128) |
| Non affected | ||||||||
| Starch | Casting | Nanoemulsions/Throughout | Lemongrass EO | S. aureus, E. coli | Compost | LEO addition did not affect the biodegradation | - | (129) |
| Bacterial cellulose | Casting | Throughout | Lauric acid | B. subtilis | Compost | Biodegradation was not affected by LA addition | - | (130) |
| PLA/CNC/Chitosan | Extrusion, Electrospinning, Coating | Throughout/Multilayer film | Ethyl lauroyl arginate | L. innocua, S. enterica | Compost | LAE presence did not reduce the biodegradation rate | - | (131) |
AA, antimicrobial activity; MP, modified properties.