Table 2.
Coxiella burnetii detected in different ticks, animals, humans, or soil samples in Asia.
| Country/year | Tick spp./source | Detected/infested host | Serologically/molecularly | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abu Dhabi/2021 | Blood | Camels | Serologically | El Tigani-Asil et al., 2021 |
| Afghanistan/2012–2013 | Blood | Humans | Serologically | Akbarian et al., 2015 |
| Livestock | ||||
| Armenia/1971-1974 | Blood | Humans | Serologically | Tarasevič et al., 1976 |
| Cattle | ||||
| Azerbaijan/2018 | Milk | Goats, sheep | Molecularly (PCR) | Khademi et al., 2020 |
| Bangladesh/2018-2021 | Blood | Cattle and goats, Humans | Serologically | Chakrabartty et al., 2021 |
| Milk samples | Cattle | Molecularly (PCR) | ||
| Bhutan/2014-2015 | Blood | Humans (patients) | Serologically and Molecularly (PCR) | Tshokey et al., 2018 |
| Bhutan/2015 | Goats | Serologically | Tshokey et al., 2019 | |
| Bangladesh/2007-2008 | Blood | Cattle, goats, sheep | Serologically | Rahman et al., 2016 |
| Placenta | Sheep | Molecularly (PCR) | ||
| Cambodia/2019 | Blood | Goats | Serologically | Siengsanan-Lamont et al., 2023 |
| China | Blood | Humans | Serologically and Molecularly (PCR) | El-Mahallawy et al., 2016 |
| China/2018 | Tissue (spleens) | Hedgehogs | Molecularly (PCR and sequencing) | Gong et al., 2020 |
| China/2018-2019 | D. nuttalli | Cattle, sheep | Molecularly (PCR and sequencing) | Ni et al., 2020 |
| D. pavlovskyi | ||||
| D. silvarum | ||||
| D. niveus | ||||
| Hy. rufipes | ||||
| Hy. anatolicum | ||||
| Hy. asiaticum | ||||
| R. sanguineus | ||||
| Ha. punctata | ||||
| Cyprus | Blood | Humans | Serologically | Psaroulaki et al., 2006 |
| Goats and sheep | ||||
| R. sanguineus and Hyalomma spp. | Goats and sheep | Molecularly (PCR) | ||
| Hong Kong/2008 | Blood | Humans | Serologically | Chan et al., 2010 |
| India | Blood | Humans | Serologically | Sahu et al., 2018 |
| India/2018-2019 | Blood | Goats | Serologically and Molecularly (PCR and sequencing) | Patra et al., 2020 |
| R. microplus | ||||
| Iran/2013-2016 | Blood | Humans | Molecularly (PCR) | Esmaeili et al., 2019 |
| Iran/2017–2018 | Aborted samples | Cattle, sheep, and goats | Molecularly (PCR) | Mohabati Mobarez et al., 2021 |
| Spleen, liver, and cotyledons | ||||
| Iraq/2019 | Blood | Camels | Serologically and Molecularly (PCR and sequencing) | Al-Graibawi et al., 2021 |
| Iraq/2007 | Topsoil and airborne dust | Molecularly (PCR) | Leski et al., 2011 | |
| Iraq/2018-2019 | Blood and milk | Cows | Serologically and Molecularly (PCR and sequencing) | Gharban and Yousif, 2020 |
| Iraq/2005 | Blood | Humans (US military) | Serologically | Royal et al., 2013 |
| Israel/2005 | Blood | Humans | Serologically and Molecularly (PCR) | Amitai et al., 2010 |
| Israel | Hy. dromedarii | Camels | Molecularly (PCR) | Mumcuoglu et al., 2022 |
| Hy. aegyptium | Tortoises | |||
| Indonesia/2017 | Tissue | Cows, goats, sheep | Molecularly (PCR and sequencing) | Rini et al., 2022 |
| Japan/1996–1997 | Blood | Humans | Molecularly (PCR) | Kato et al., 1998 |
| Jordan/2015–2016 | Blood | Humans | Serologically | Obaidat et al., 2019 |
| Jordan/2015–2017 | Blood | Goats, sheep | Serologically | Lafi et al., 2020 |
| Kazakhstan/2021–2022 | D. marginatus and Hy. anatolicum | Cattle | Molecularly (PCR and sequencing) | Sultankulova et al., 2022 |
| Korea/2016 | Blood | Humans | Molecularly (PCR and sequencing) | Lee et al., 2020 |
| Kuwait/2007 | Topsoil and airborne dust | Molecularly (PCR) | Leski et al., 2011 | |
| Lebanon/2015 | Blood | Humans | Serologically | Dabaja et al., 2018 |
| Lebanon/2014 | R. annulatus | Cattle, sheep, goats | Molecularly (PCR) | Dabaja et al., 2020 |
| R. turanicus | ||||
| Hy. anatolicum | ||||
| R. sanguineus | ||||
| R. bursa | ||||
| Milk | Serologically | |||
| Laos/2016–2017 | Blood | Goats | Serologically | Burns et al., 2018 |
| Malaysia/2012–2013 | Blood | Humans | Serologically | Khor et al., 2018 |
| Malaysia/2013 | Blood and vaginal sample | Cattle | Molecularly (PCR and sequencing) | Nurkunasegran et al., 2017 |
| Amblyomma and Dermacentor spp. | Rodents | |||
| Haemaphysalis spp. | Vegetation | |||
| R. sanguineus and Dermacentor spp. | Dogs | |||
| Mongolia/2008–2015 | Blood | Snow leopards | Serologically | Esson et al., 2019 |
| Ticks | Molecularly (PCR) | |||
| Nepal/2016 | Blood | Cattle | Serologically | Panth et al., 2017 |
| Oman/2019 | Blood/bone | Humans | Serologically | Al-Kindi et al., 2022 |
| Pakistan | Blood | Humans, goats, sheep, buffaloes, cows, Rodents | Serologically | Ahmed, 1987 |
| Pakistan | Soil | Soil | Molecularly (PCR) | Shabbir et al., 2015 |
| Pakistan | Blood | Camels | Serologically | Hussain et al., 2022 |
| Pakistan/2016 | Ticks and blood | Goats and sheep | Serologically and Molecularly (PCR) | Ullah et al., 2019 |
| Pakistan | Blood | Humans | Serologically | Ali et al., 2022a |
| Palestine/2016 | Blood | Rams | Serologically | Jalboush and Alzuheir, 2017 |
| Qatar/2005–2006 | Blood | Humans (US military) | Serologically | Royal et al., 2013 |
| Saudi Arabia | Blood, milk, feces, and urine | Camels, cattle, and goats | Molecularly (PCR) | Mohammed et al., 2014 |
| Saudi Arabia/2011–2013 | Blood | Humans | Serologically | Almogren et al., 2013 |
| South Korea/2007–2013 | Blood | Horses | Serologically | Seo et al., 2016 |
| Taiwan/2007 | Blood | Humans | Serologically | Chang et al., 2010 |
| Taiwan/2009–2011 | Blood | Dogs | Molecularly (PCR and sequencing) | Chou et al., 2014 |
| Thailand/2012–2013 | Blood | Humans | Serologically and Molecularly (PCR) | Doung-Ngern et al., 2017 |
| Cattle | ||||
| Milk | Cattle | |||
| Turkey | Blood | Cows, sheep, goats | Serologically | Ozgen et al., 2022 |
| Turkey/2007 | Blood | Humans | Serologically | Kilic et al., 2008 |
| Tunisia/2015–2017 | Hy. impeltatum | Camels | Molecularly (PCR and sequencing) | Selmi et al., 2019 |
| Hy. dromedarii | ||||
| United Arab Emirates | Blood | Goats, sheep | Serologically | Barigye et al., 2022 |
| Vietnam | Bone marrow | Humans (patient) | Molecularly (PCR) | Thi Vinh An et al., 2022 |