Table 4.
Occurrence of ticks and molecular detection of Coxiella spp. in different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
| Districts | Hosts | Tick species | Ticks life stages | Molecularly analyzed (DNA extraction and PCR) | Molecularly screened Coxiella spp. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal type | Observed | Infested | (N, F, M) Total | (N, F, M) Total | Coxiella burnetii (OQ883856) | Coxiella endosymbiont (OQ883857) | Coxiella endosymbiont (OQ883858) | Coxiella sp. (OQ883859) | Coxiella sp. (OQ883860) | Coxiella sp. (OQ883861) | Coxiella sp. (OQ883862) | Coxiella sp. (OQ883863) | ||
| Lakki Marwat | Goats | 19 | 8 | R. haemaphysaloides | (5 N, 3 F, 1 M) 9 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Hy. anatolicum | (7 N, 3 F, 2 M) 12 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. bispinosa | (6 N, 2 F, 3 M) 11 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Sheep | 18 | 7 | R. haemaphysaloides | (5 N, 2 F, 1 M) 8 | (2 N, 1 F) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ha. montgomeryi | (7 N, 2 F, 3 M) 12 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 1 F, 3 M) 9 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Camels | 31 | 13 | Hy. dromedarii | (6 N, 3 F, 3 M) 12 | (3 N, 1 F, 2 M) 6 | 2 N, 1 F | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Hy. anatolicum | (8 N, 4 F, 3 M) 15 | (2 N, 1 F, 1 M) 4 | 1 N, 1 F | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Cattle | 17 | 8 | R. microplus | (10 N, 3 F, 4 M) 17 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Hy. anatolicum | (6 N, 4 F, 1 M) 11 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Wild mice | 4 | 2 | Ha. cornupunctata | (4 N, 3 F) 7 | (2 N, 1 F) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Domestic fowls | 17 | 6 | A. persicus | (8 N, 4 F, 2 M) 14 | (2 N, 1 F, 1 M) 4 | – | – | – | ||||||
| Charsadda | Goats | 17 | 7 | Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 3 F, 1 M) 9 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Hy. anatolicum | (6 N, 3 F, 3 M) 12 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. bispinosa | (5 N, 2 F, 2 M) 9 | (1 N, 1 F, 1 M) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Sheep | 15 | 5 | R. haemaphysaloides | (4 N, 2 F, 2 M) 8 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ha. montgomeryi | (7 N, 3 F, 2 M) 12 | (1 N, 1 F, 1 M) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 2 F, 2 M) 9 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Camels | 26 | 8 | Hy. dromedarii | (7 N, 3 F, 2 M) 12 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Hy. anatolicum | (5 N, 4 F, 2 M) 11 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Cattle | 15 | 7 | R. microplus | (10 N, 6 F, 1 M) 17 | (1 N, 1 F, 1 M) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Hy. anatolicum | (8 N, 4 F, 3 M) 15 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Wild mice | 11 | 3 | Ha. cornupunctata | (4 N, 3 M) 7 | (4 N, 1 F) 5 | 3 N, 1 F | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Domestic fowls | 13 | 6 | A. persicus | (9 N, 4 F, 3 M) 16 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Nowshera | Goats | 19 | 7 | Ha. bispinosa | (5 N, 3 F, 1 M) 9 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ha. cornupunctata | (6 N, 3 F, 3 M) 12 | (1 N, 1 F, 1 M) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Sheep | 11 | 6 | R. haemaphysaloides | (5 N, 4 F, 1 M) 10 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ha. montgomeryi | (4 N, 2 F, 2 M) 8 | (2 N) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Camels | 21 | 8 | Hy. dromedarii | (7 N, 2 F, 3 M) 12 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Cattle | 13 | 6 | R. microplus | (8 N, 4 F, 2 M) 14 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Wild mice | 3 | 1 | Ha. cornupunctata | (4 N, 1 F, 1 M) 6 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Domestic fowls | 15 | 7 | A. persicus | (9 N, 2 F, 3 M) 14 | (2 N, 1 F) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Dir Upper | Goats | 16 | 9 | Ha. cornupunctata | (7 N, 3 F, 3 M) 13 | (1 N, 1 F, 1 M) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ha. bispinosa | (6 N, 2 F, 3 M) 11 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 N, 1 M | ||||
| Ha. danieli | (8 N, 4 F, 2 M) 14 | (3 N, 2 F, 1 M) 6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Sheep | 15 | 7 | R. haemaphysaloides | (5 N, 3 F, 2 M) 10 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ha. montgomeryi | (6 N, 2 F, 1 M) 9 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. cornupunctata | (7 N, 3 F, 2 M) 12 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Cattle | 12 | 10 | R. microplus | (9 N, 2 F, 4 M) 15 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Wild mice | 2 | 1 | Ha. cornupunctata | (4 N, 2 F, 2 M) 8 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Domestic fowls | 10 | 6 | A. persicus | (7 N, 3 F, 2 M) 12 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Dir Lower | Goats | 13 | 10 | Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 2 F, 2 M) 9 | (5 N, 2 F, 1 M) 8 | 1 N, 1 F | 2 N, 1 F | – | 1 N, 1 M | – | – | – | – |
| Ha. bispinosa | (6 N, 3 F, 3 M) 12 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Sheep | 14 | 9 | Ha. montgomeryi | (4 N, 2 F, 2 M) 8 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ha. cornupunctata | (8 N, 3 F, 3 M) 14 | (2 N, 1 F, 2 M) 5 | 1 N, 1 F, 2 M | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Cattle | 13 | 5 | R. microplus | (7 N, 4 F, 2 M) 13 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Hy. anatolicum | (9 N, 4 F, 2 M) 15 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Wild mice | 5 | 1 | Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 5 F) 10 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Domestic fowls | 11 | 8 | A. persicus | (8 N, 3 F, 3 M) 14 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Buner | Goats | 14 | 7 | Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 4 F, 2 M) 11 | (2 N) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Hy. anatolicum | (8 N, 3 F, 5 M) 16 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. bispinosa | (6 N, 4 F) 10 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Sheep | 13 | 10 | R. haemaphysaloides | (5 N, 2 F, 2 M) 9 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ha. montgomeryi | (6 N, 5 F, 1 M) 12 | (2 N, 1 F) 3 | – | – | 2 N, 1 F | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 4 F, 1 M) 10 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Cattle | 11 | 9 | R. microplus | (8 N, 4 F, 3 M) 15 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Hy. anatolicum | (7 N, 3 F, 3 M) 13 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Wild mice | 3 | 1 | Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 3 F, 1 M) 9 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Domestic fowls | 13 | 8 | A. persicus | (6 N, 5 F, 2 M) 13 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Mansehra | Goats | 12 | 8 | Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 2 F, 1 M) 8 | (2 N, 1 F) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Hy. anatolicum | (7 N, 3 F, 4 M) 14 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Sheep | 10 | 9 | R. haemaphysaloides | (6 N, 2 F, 3 M) 11 | (3 N, 1 F, 2 M) 6 | – | 2 N, 1 F, 1 M | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ha. montgomeryi | (4 N, 3 F) 7 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. cornupunctata | (6 N, 2 F, 2 M) 10 | (2 N) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Cattle | 14 | 9 | R. microplus | (9 N, 4 F, 3 M) 16 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Hy. anatolicum | (7 N, 3 F, 4 M) 14 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Wild mice | 5 | 2 | Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 2 F, 3 M) 10 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Domestic fowls | 9 | 7 | A. persicus | (9 N, 3 F, 4 M) 16 | (2 N, 1 F) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Bajaur | Goats | 16 | 6 | Ha. bispinosa | (5 N, 4 F, 3 M) 12 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ha. montgomeryi | (9 N, 3 F, 4 M) 16 | (3 N, 1 F, 1 M) 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. cornupunctata | (4 N, 5 F) 9 | (2 N, 1 F) 3 | – | – | – | 1 F | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Sheep | 17 | 7 | R. haemaphysaloides | (6 N, 3 F, 3 M) 12 | (2 N) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ha. montgomeryi | (8 N, 2 F, 4 M) 14 | (3 N, 1 F, 1 M) 5 | – | – | – | – | 2 N | 1 F | – | – | ||||
| Cattle | 12 | 8 | Hy. anatolicum | (7 N, 4 F, 3 M) 14 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Wild mice | 8 | 1 | Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 4 F, 1 M) 10 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Domestic fowls | 14 | 9 | A. persicus | (8 N, 3 F, 3 M) 14 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Abbottabad | Goats | 13 | 9 | Ha. cornupunctata | (6 N, 2 F, 4 M) 12 | (1 N, 1 F, 1 M) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Hy. anatolicum | (5 N, 2 F, 3 M) 10 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. bispinosa | (4N, 3 F, 1M) 8 | (3N, 1 F, 1M) 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2N,1F | – | ||||
| Sheep | 12 | 6 | R. haemaphysaloides | (7 N, 2 F, 3 M) 12 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ha. montgomeryi | (5 N, 3 F, 1 M) 9 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. cornupunctata | (6 N, 4 F, 2 M) 12 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Camels | 15 | 7 | Hy. dromedarii | (6 N, 4 F, 1 M) 11 | (2 N) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Hy. anatolicum | (9 N, 5 F, 14 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Cattle | 9 | 7 | R. microplus | (9 N, 4 F, 3 M) 16 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Wild mice | 3 | 1 | Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 2 M) 7 | (2 N, 1 M) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Domestic fowls | 9 | 5 | A. persicus | (8 N, 4 F, 3 M) 15 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Chitral | Goats | 10 | 7 | Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 2 F, 2 M) 9 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Hy. anatolicum | (8 N, 3 F, 1 M) 12 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. bispinosa | (6 N, 2 F, 2 M) 10 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Sheep | 11 | 9 | R. haemaphysaloides | (5 N, 3 F) 8 | (2 N) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ha. montgomeryi | (7 N, 3 F, 2 M) 12 | (1 N, 1 M) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ha. cornupunctata | (5 N, 3 F, 1 M) 9 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Cattle | 13 | 6 | Hy. anatolicum | (5 N, 3 F, 3 M) 11 | (1 N, 1 F) 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| R. microplus | (7 N, 4 F, 3 M) 14 | (1 N, 1 F, 1 M) 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Wild mice | 4 | 2 | Ha. cornupunctata | (4 N, 2 F, 1 M) 7 | (1 N) 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Domestic fowls | 12 | 10 | A. persicus | (9 N, 5 F, 4 M) 18 | (5 N, 1 F, 1 M) 7 | – | 2 N, 1 F, 1 M | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Total | 678 | 345 (50.9%) | (613 N, 293 F, 213 M) 1,119 | (137 N, 49 F, 41 M) 227 | 15 (6.7%) | 14 (6.3%) | 11 (4.9%) | |||||||