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. 2023 Jul 24;25(8):1185–1195. doi: 10.1038/s41556-023-01184-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Schematic of SOX9 induction in EpdSCs of adult and post-engrafted skin. b, Immunofluorescence reveals the appearance of nuclear SOX9 in EpdSCs after DOX induction. Dotted lines denote epidermal–dermal borders. Scale bars, 50 μm. c, Heat map of temporal RNA-seq data shows significantly variable genes (DESeq2 Wald test, adjusted P value <0.05) across combined independent replicates (r > 0.94) of each of five indicated timepoints. Hierarchical clustering revealed five distinct patterns, shown as coloured bars on the right with representative transcripts indicative of specific fates. d, GSEA of W2 versus D0 SOX9-induced expression changes in adult EpdSCs compared with SOX9⁺ and SOX9^neg wild-type placode gene signatures from embryonic day E15.5 (top) (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, P < 0.001 for both gene sets), and W12 versus D0 SOX9-induced EpdSC expression changes compared to BCC upregulated and downregulated signatures (bottom) (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, P < 0.001 for both gene sets). NES, normalized enrichment score.