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. 2023 Aug 10;13:13033. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40172-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Development of DNA vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. (a) Schematic representation of plasmid construction for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron DNA vaccine. K986P/V987P mutation and deletion of 19 aa at the C-terminal were introduced to improve cell-surface antigen expression are highlighted in red. Optimized-Omicron spike sequences were inserted into the pVAX1 vector. (b) Expression of Omicron spike induced by Omicron DNA vaccine was detected in HEK293 cells. Upper and lower bands represent the full-length and S1 domain of the spike, respectively. GAPDH was used as a control. The images were cropped from the data shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. (c) Cell surface localization of spike protein was evaluated by immunocytochemical analysis in HEK293 cells. pVAX1 control plasmid (upper panels) and Omicron DNA vaccine (lower panels) were transfected into HEK293 cells. Scale bar = 10 μm. See also Supplementary Fig. 1.