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. 2023 Aug 10;13:13033. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40172-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Humoral immune responses were generated by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-DNA vaccine. (a) Scheme of DNA vaccine administration and blood collection. Female SD rats were intradermally administered with Omicron DNA vaccine via PJI thrice at 2-week intervals (240 μg of DNA vaccine/body). (b) Antibody titers for ancestral, Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5 were measured by ELISA 6 weeks after the first vaccination. *p < 0.01 versus ancestral spike, **p < 0.01 versus BA.5. (c) Neutralization activity was measured by pseudo-typed virus against ancestral, Omicron BA.1, BA.2, or BA.5 at 6 weeks after the first vaccination dose. *p < 0.01 versus ancestral, Omicron BA.2, and BA.5, respectively. (d) Longitudinal monitoring of antibody titers for ancestral as well as Omicron variants until 30 weeks after the first dose of vaccination. (e, f) The comparison of the levels of (e) antibody and (f) neutralization activity between 6 and 30 weeks after the first vaccination dose. *p < 0.05 versus 30 weeks. N = 5–6. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. See also Supplementary Fig. 2–4.