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. 2023 Aug 10;13:13033. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40172-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cellular immune responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron DNA vaccine. (a) Representative image of ELISpot assay. Spike-specific T-cell responses were analyzed by ELISpot assay. At 7 weeks after the first dose of DNA vaccine, the vaccinated or control splenocytes were isolated and stimulated with spike peptide pool from ancestral as well as Omicron BA.1. (b) Quantitative analysis of IFNγ-releasing cells from ELISpot assay. The number of spots were analyzed after subtraction from background spots (no peptide stimulation) of each group. *p < 0.05 versus control (c) Quantitative data of the total number of spots (S1 + S2) of IFNγ-releasing cells from each strain (S1 and S2 peptide pool). *p < 0.05 versus ancestral spike. N = 3. The experiments were repeated twice. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.