Table 1.
Examples of research studies that aimed to determine a link between bioaccessibility testing (simulated digestion) and bioactivity in the case of functional foods and nutraceuticals or dietary supplements of plant origin.
| No. | Nutraceutical/functional food and plant species | Determined bioaccessibility (or analogous methods of quantification) and bioactivity after simulated digestion | Effect of simulated digestion on bioactivity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic compounds | ||||
| 1. | Rehydrated wild and commercial blackberries (Rubus spp.) | Decrease % (after IP) 70% in wild and 68.35% in commercial berries (TPC) 74% in wild and 75% in commercial berries (TAC) 52% in wild and 56% in commercial berries (ORAC) 43.8% in wild and 41.6% in commercial berries (DPPH) 40.47% in wild and 46.73% in commercial berries (ABTS) |
SD decreased TPC and TAC after IP SD decreased antioxidant activity (for ORAC, DPPH, ABTS), depending on the fruit sort |
(21) |
| Increase % (after IP) 56% in wild and 23% in commercial berries (Caco-2 cells cytotoxicity, as EC50) |
SD decreased the cytotoxicity of samples after IP | |||
| 2. | Passion fruit peel 70% ethanolic extract (Passiflora edulis) | Recovery index (after IP) 97% (TPC), 84.4% (TFC), 25.8% (TAC) Decrease in activity (after IP) 32% (DPPH), 30% (FRAP) Increase in activity (after IP) 17% (ABTS) |
SD decreased phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins SD decreased α-glucosidase inhibitory activity SD decreased the DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activity, but increased the ABTS scavenging activity |
(22) |
| 3. | Broccoli sprouts ethanolic extracts (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) | Antioxidant BA index (after IP) 1.09 (lipid peroxidation inhibition), 0.39 (chelating power), 0.44 (ABTS), 1.75 (FRAP) |
SD decreased the antioxidant effect No correlation between SD and antiproliferative effect |
(23) |
| 4. | Quinoa leaves ethanolic extracts (Chenopodium quinoa) | Antioxidant BA index (after IP) 1.52 (chelating power), 4.37 (reducing power), 1.32 (lipid peroxidation inhibition), 4.74 (ABTS), 0.41 (lipoxygenase inhibitory activity) |
SD decreased the antioxidant effect, but increased lipoxygenase inhibitory activity | (24) |
| 5. | Black mulberry jam (Morus nigra) | Increase in recovery (as %) Fruit: 12% (TPC), 1% (TMA), 14% (ABTS) Jam: 16% (TPC), 12% (TMA), 37% (ABTS) |
SD decreased phenolics and antioxidant activity Jam processing had a higher recovery after SD compared to raw fruits |
(25) |
| 6. | Fennel waste capsules (Foeniculum vulgare) | Acid resistant capsules – BA* 23.84% (TPC, DP), 63,14% (TPC, CP) 35.21% (DPPH, CP), 47.46% (ABTS, CP), 62.60% (FRAP, CP) |
SD decreased TPC and antioxidant activity, but the highest values in SD were for CP During SD, acid-resistant capsules provided a higher antioxidant effect due to a higher polyphenol content |
(26) |
| Non-acid resistant capsules – BA* 20,92% (TPC, DP), 42.58% (TPC, CP) 26.06% (DPPH, CP), 36.72% (ABTS, CP), 43.90% (FRAP, CP) | ||||
| 7. | Encapsulated lyophilized powder from tea extracts (acid-resistant capsules) (Camellia sinensis) | Green tea - BA 23.77% for DP and 108.85% for CP (total phenolics) |
CP showed a higher antioxidant effect and TP DP showed a significantly lower antioxidant effect and TP |
(27) |
| White tea - BA 19.33% for DP and 102.21% for CP (total phenolics) | ||||
| Black tea - BA 13.00% for DP and 112.26% for CP (total phenolics) | ||||
| 8. | Health supplement mix with tart cherry extract and mineral clay (Prunus cerasus) | BA 109.5% for GP and 26.7% for DP (anthocyanins) 115.4% for GP and 177.1% for DP (ORAC) |
SD decreased anthocyanin content, especially after DP SD increased antioxidant activity (ORAC), possibly because of other classes of bioactive compounds |
(28) |
| Carotenoids | ||||
| 9. | Encapsulated carotenoids from red pepper waste (Capsicum annuum) | Freeze-dried encapsulates – BA 20.4% after SD (for total carotenoids) 40.24% for GP and 50.51% for IP (BCB) |
SD decreased total carotenoids, higher BA for freeze-dried encapsulates SD increased antioxidant activity of carotenoids compared to GP |
(29) |
| Spray-dried encapsulates - BA 15,05% after SD (for total carotenoids) 31.56% for GP and 55.53% for IP (BCB) | ||||
| 10. | Powders obtained from seed-used pumpkin byproducts (Cucurbita maxima) | 18 mesh-sized powder - BA (after IP, relative to GP) 12.67% (total carotenoid relative BA) 35.8% (DPPH)*, 75% (FRAP)* |
SD decreased total carotenoid relative BA and the antioxidant activity Increased antioxidant activity when 2% corn oil was used (for DPPH and FRAP) |
(30) |
| 18 mesh-sized powder and 2% corn oil- BA (after IP, relative to GP) 27.0% (total carotenoid relative BA) 64.1% (DPPH)*, 95.7% (FRAP)* | ||||
| 11. | Methanolic extracts of dried and juiced black plum (Syzygium caryophyllatum) | Fresh fruit – BA (after IP) 9.75% (β-carotene), 5.11% (lycopene), 15.29% (TPC), 33.65% (TFC) 4.55% (TACap)*, 61.42% (ABTS)* |
SD decreased β-carotene and lycopene content, TPC and TFC SD decreased the antioxidant activity (TACap and ABTS) |
(31) |
| Dried fruit – BA (after IP) 43.53% (β-carotene), 9.48% (lycopene), 7.30% (TPC), 14.36% (TFC) 3,86% (TACap)*, 81.66% (ABTS)* | ||||
| Juice – BA (after IP) 35% (β-carotene), 10.39% (lycopene), 7.37% (TPC), 21,69% (TFC) 2.55% (TACap)*, 33.49% (ABTS)* | ||||
BA, bioaccessibility; SD, simulated digestion; GP, gastric phase; IP, intestinal phase; CP, colon phase; DP, duodenal phase; UD, undigested; BCB, beta-carotene bleaching assay; TAC, total anthocyanin content; TACap, total antioxidant capacity; TFC, total flavonoid content; TPC, total phenolic content; TMA, total monomeric anthocyanins.
*The values have been calculated using data from the article, if the final bioaccessibility value was not available.