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. 2023 Jul 28;9(8):e18574. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18574

Table 8.

Short and Long Run Results using Regulatory Quality.

Variable Spec 7(IQ = REQ)
Spec 8(IQ = REQ)
Coeff. t-Stat Coeff. t-Stat
Short-Run Coefficients
ECM (−1) −0.786*** −6.681 −0.762*** −6.477
ΔLNDEBT 0.330*** 5.664 0.349** 4.756
ΔIQ 1.024* 3.001 1.332*** 8.777
Δ(LNDEBT × IQ) 0.678*** 4.556
ΔLNTFP 1.001*** 4.962 0.782* 2.569
ΔLNINF −0.198*** −5.456 −0.221 −2.762
ΔLNGS 0.386** 3.680 −0.246 −0.967
ΔLNEXP 0.092*** 6.943
C 4.882*** 5.042 −5.833** −4.332
Long-Run Coefficients
LNDEBT −0.341*** −6.687 −0.308** −3.981
IQ 1.022*** 5.453 1.223*** 5.782
LNDEBT × IQ 0.827** 4.661
TFP 0.998** 4.072 0.991 0.784
LNINF −0.302** −4.602 −0.260 −2.691
GS 0.121** −4.673 −0.096* −2.609
LNEXP 0.340*** 6.674 0.456*** 5.321
C 5.990*** 6.839 5.833* 3.229

Notes: Spec. Is the short form of specification and coeff. represents the coefficient. Δ is the first difference, whereas C is the constant term. *, ** and *** represents the significance at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively.